Psychotic, childhood, and cognitive disorders Essay

Many disorders are said to form in the stages of childhood or are in some way are bound to an individual by genetics. Some may just gradually appear or grow more intense over a period of time. No matter the disorder, it can make a person’s life a challenging one. The disorders that will be discussed below are psychotic disorders, childhood disorders, and cognitive disorders and how they affect an individual’s life. Psychotic disorders Psychosis is a symptom that causes an individual to be out of touch with reality. An individual may experience hallucinations and delusions. Schizophrenia is a disorder that fits into this category. The characteristics of schizophrenia are hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought or speech, bizarre behavior, decrease in speech, emotional flattening, lack of motivation, and lack of pleasure. It has five subtypes known as paranoid schizophrenia, disorganized schizophrenia, catatonic schizophrenia, residual schizophrenia, and undifferentiated schizophrenia. The biological components look at the distal and proximal causes. According to Hansell & Damour (2008), The proximal causes of the symptoms involve various abnormalities in brain function, brain structure, and neuropsychological/neurophysiological status that may cause schizophrenic symptoms (though it is also possible that some of them are effects, not causes, of schizophrenia). The distal causes are what help to answer the questions to what the causes of schizophrenia may be. The cognitive components focus on the deficits in reasoning and the role that attention has. Interventions address those deficits to help treat schizophrenia. The sociocultural perspective focuses on institutional and large social forces that may have been the cause of the disorder. The family systems perspective suggests that the family has much do with causing schizophrenia. The hypothesis that family environments are pathological, give theorists something to focus on in family therapy. Freud believed that schizophrenia was biologically based. His idea was that psychotherapy would not help schizophrenia since he believed the individual was trying to connect with the outside world. Frieda Fromm-Reichmann used psychotherapy to successfully treat a patient. She believed schizophrenia was caused by an overbearing mother who was too demanding and cold shouldered. Childhood disorders There are many disorders in this category. The complete list includes: mental retardation, learning disorders, motor skills disorder, communication disorders, persuasive developmental disorders, ADD behavior disorder (Attention deficit and disruptive), eating and feeding disorders of infancy and early childhood, tic disorders, elimination disorders, and the category of other disorders. There are five prominent disorders that are considered by the DSM-IV-TR as childhood disorders: Mental retardation, separation anxiety disorder, ADD disorders, persuasive developmental disorders, and learning disorders. Mental retardation is a disorder present at birth. It impairs adaptive behavior and intellectual functioning. This includes Down syndrome, fragile x syndrome, tay-sachs disease, phenylketonuria, fetal alchohol syndrome, and shaken baby syndrome. Separation anxiety disorder happens when excessive anxiety appears as a result of separation from home or parents/guardians. ADD, also known as attention deficit and disruptive behavior disorder, includes three different types of diagnosis’s: attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD). ADHD includes characteristics of impulsivity, hyperactivity, inattention. ODD includes characteristics of hostility, negativity, and defiant behavior along with the combination of other symptoms that include: temper loss, argumentative, defies rules and does not comply, deliberately annoying, blames others for misbehavior and mistakes, reactive or touchy, resentful, angry, vindictive, and spiteful. CD has characteristics of property destruction, theft, deceitfulness, aggression toward animals and people, and serious violation of any rules. A persuasive developmental disorder is characterized by persistent and profound impairment of functioning. Normal communication and social skills are not developed. Autism is the most common disorder diagnosed in this category as well as aspergers disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and rett’s disorder. Autism consists of impaired communication, social interaction, and repetitive patterns of activities, interests, and behaviors. Asberger’s disorder consists of superior and cognitive language skills. They share some of the same aspects of autism yet focus more on specific objects or things. Children with childhood disintegrative disorder develop normally until the age of two. Then they suddenly lose motor skills, language ability, and social skills and start to develop many of the characteristics of autism. Rett’s disorder occurs after two years of age as well and shares many autism characteristics. This disorder only develops in girls. Characteristics include slow head growth, loss of physical coordination, motor skills, and social skills. Learning disorders impair all of the areas of cognitive functioning as well as trouble with certain academic skills. This category includes disorders such as dysgraphia, dyscalculia, and dyslexia. All of these disorders cause problems within a learning environment and interferes with daily living activities. Cognitive Disorders A cognitive disorder is characterized by a change in functioning caused by disturbance in thinking. There are three main disorders in this category: amnesia, dementia, and delirium. Dementia and delirium typically occur in elderly adults. The characteristics of delirium include difficulty focusing, attention shifting, language problems, disorientation, and memory loss that appear within a couple of hours and may last for days. The characteristics of dementia are memory impairment and cognitive deficits along with at least one of the following: apraxia, aphasia, executive functioning disturbances, or agnosia. It is permanent and gradually declines cognitive functioning. Individuals with amnesia have trouble developing memory and the inability to recall memories. It can either be chronic or transient, depending on the type of amnesia. Organic amnesia is a result of a viral infection, substance abuse, or physical trauma caused to the brain. Other types of amnesia may involve brain damage that is lasting or pervasive. Conclusion Developing a disorder can be difficult. Obtaining the right treatment and help can be beneficial the individuals life. Psychotic disorders are on a different level than the rest of the disorders described above. They require medication and possibly hospitalization since there is yet to be a cure. Childhood disorders can be managed with the correct medication and family therapy sessions. Cognitive disorders may require medication, depending on the severity as well as deep brain stimulation, surgery, or therapy to help with memory. Currently there is no cure for dementia or Alzheimer’s disease, only a help of prolonging the effects.

Bookish Knowledge Vs Knowledge By Experience

Writing an essay on the topic † Not everything that is learned is contained in books.† Compare and Contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important.? And Why? Explain with some real examples.By Payal Gupta (blog: http://mixwritings.blogspot.in)It is an old cliche that experience is a good teacher as compared to books. I agree with it. It can be a question of dilemma whether to prefer books or experience as a good source of knowledge. No doubt books explain us the concepts about any new theory. It introduces us to the new things and enhances our knowledge but in real world, things are different.Our surroundings is an external environment on which we have no control. Working in changing environments gives us experience, an another kind of knowledge which helps us to face real world scenarios. Both books and experience are two channels of knowledge and in my point of view, knowledge gained from real w orld experience is far more important than pedantic knowledge.Firstly, I want to quote my own personal experience to prove my perspective. During my MBA training, I took NCFM Financial Markets module. I had no deep prior knowledge about financial markets. I considered NSE booklet a source for gaining knowledge about markets different terminology and the whole process. But when I had undergone three days training in a Max Growth brokerage firm during training period, the real world came in front of me.Persons working there have only practical knowledge with them and they have no concern with what is written in books. My bookish knowledge proved wrong there. For instance, I asked them whether they give 2.5% commission to agents, they replied to me, in reality, it does not exceed 0.5%. There are many other things which I learnt there and they are nowhere in books. Means my certificate do not provide me the skill to work in any brokerage firm unless I have practical exposure to stock ex change working.This is my own case and it is reality. We cannot ignore this. This is the reason why recruiters prefer experienced persons for their company. The significance of experience attaches to us at a very young age. We start  experiencing success and failure while playing in the playground with friends. This victory and failure makes the child mentally stiff and gives her power to face failure and to handle victory. Further, playing in a playground unconsciously checks child ability to make strategies to ensure her success. The child also learns to be socialized there by making new friends.In this context, another example we can take of personal finance. Making budgets, to organize income and expenses, to manage funds by foreseeing future goals are such topics which can be learnt only through practical exposure. In my MBA, Personal finance is a different subject, it is not just a topic in a book. My teachers taught this subject without any book. We refer to ET Wealth newsp aper, current economy and business news, reading case studies of families who managed their finances well. Books can teach us some formulae and tools to manage finances but all is futile till we apply it to our real life. Managing funds is an important concept in our day to day life and this can be learnt only through experience.Concluding, no doubt books are ubiquitous source of knowledge but its knowledge is constrained to certain conditions and environment. Bookish knowledge is based on assumptions but real world do not take into account any assumption. It follows the law of change. Experience on other hand develops the person mentally and socially which otherwise ensures her survival in the world.

Antigone Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Antigone - Research Paper Example Queen Jocasta’s brother, Creon, then announced that anyone who can answer the sphinx correctly will be married to his sister. Oedipus succeeded the test and eventually became his mother’s husband, fulfilling the prophecies told about him. Oedipus then sired Antigone, Ismene, Polynices and Eteocles. However, after twenty years of reigning in Thebes, the place was again plagued. Wanting to help the citizens of Thebes, Oedipus was committed to solving the city’s problem which finally led him to know the facts of his birth. Feeling guilty and angry, he then blinded himself and was exiled by his brother-in-law, Creon while his wife and mother hanged herself (Johnston). Consequently, the sons agreed to divide the rule of Thebes but Eteocles banished his brother Polynices. According to Alfred Church’s â€Å"Battle of Thebes† though, the latter returned with vengeance and a battle ensued where the brothers both die fighting each other. Recognizing Eteocles as a hero, Creon gave him a decent burial with full military honors while his banished brother, Polynices was disgraced because his uncle ordered that no one should mourn or bury him. Nevertheless, Antigone, the sister of Eteocles and Polynices feels sorry for her brother and vows to bury him. She asks her sister, Ismene, to help her but the latter was very afraid of her uncle’s decree that she refuses her sister’s request. As a result, Antigone had to bury her brother all alone during the night (Rosenberg). The famed author of â€Å"King Oedipus† and â€Å"Antigone†, Sophocles, was born in 496 B.C and lived to be ninety. He was born to a wealthy family so that he was given the best education during his time. Consequently, he became one of the best writers to survive fame to modern days. He is known to have written more than a hundred plays and ninety-six of which won first prize in the Athenian festivals held in the honor of Dionysius, the god of wine. U nluckily, only a few of his works survived (Rosenberg). Sophocles is recorded not only as a respected literary genius but he is also known for being a good Athenian citizen. Having been borne during the Persian war, a battle fought between the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, Sophocles became well-informed about wars (Rosenberg). Politics has become important an information that is widely used by Sophocles to give color to his narrations. However, the events during his lifetime were not the only influences to his writing but the existing religious beliefs as well which includes Greek mythology characters as evident in â€Å"Antigone†. In addition, he also delves in the personal and familial relationships of his characters. When â€Å"Antigone† was written, the Peloponnesian war, the battle between Athens and Sparta, was still ongoing and this perhaps had a great impact on the story. According to historical accounts, the city of Epidamnus sent to inquire from D elphi if they are supposed ask protection from Corinth and an oracle was give that they are supposed to submit to their mother country (Crawley). In relation to Sophocles’ story, it is obvious how he showed such practice of kings, relating how Creon encouraged Oedipus to ask help from the prophet Teiresias on what to do when their city was plagued. It should also be remembered that the reason

Impact of adopting information system management in Lagos state local Dissertation

Impact of adopting information system management in Lagos state local governments - Dissertation Example DECLARATION I hereby certify that this dissertation constitutes my own product, that where the language of others is set forth, quotation marks so indicate, and that appropriate credit is given where I have used the language, ideas, expressions, or writings of another. I declare that the dissertation describes original work that has not previously been presented for the award of any other degree of any institution. Signed, Charles Adeshina â€Å"This dissertation contains material that is confidential and/or commercially sensitive. It is included here on the understanding that this will not be revealed to any person not involved in the assessment process.† ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank the employees of the local government of Ifako Ijaiye for their gracious hospitality that enabled me to gain insight of their challenges both formally and informally if an information management system has been pursued. Their candid statements and disclosures made me appreciate the importance of the other factors in the success of an information management system. I also wish to acknowledge the help and assistance of Mr Dapo Okeniran, Head of the Information Office for Ifako Ijaiye local government whose valuable insights made me realize the rationale for the challenges. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES vii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Background and review of literature 5 Chapter 3. Theory 8 3.1.1 Project Planning 10 3.1.2 System Analysis and Design 13 3.1.3 System Design and Coding 15 3.1.4 Implementation and Roll Out 15 3.1.5 Acceptance and Full Deployment 17 3.1.6 Maintenance and Operation 17 3.1.7 Benefits 18 3.1.8 Challenges 20 3.2 Other Impacts 22 3.2.1 Anticipation 22 3.2.2 Failure 22... An information system management system shall also include the digitization of the documents generated over the years from the various local government units operations. And to be truly paperless, the ISM in fact includes an email system that would enable the various departments of the local government units to communicate with each other. The three systems is a start that will make the operation of the local government of Ifako Ijaiye truly paperless. Further along, to provide Ifako Ijaye with a good decision support system an Enterprise Resource Management system with a financial system module capable of handling government accounting can also be installed and used to manage its finances for a more transparent operation. The impact to the organization comes in several different ways as well. The psychological impact; pertains to the effects on the confidence, motivation and the dynamics or the relationship of each personnel in the organization with each other. Efficiency impact the process flow itself and the performance of the organization including its service level. Cost impacts the operating expenses related in the mainte-nance of the Information System Management.

Modernization Of Infrastructure, Architecture, And Education In The Essay

Modernization Of Infrastructure, Architecture, And Education In The UAE - Essay Example Studying at the Masjid is really an honor but sometimes my teachers are not very understanding. They are strict when it comes to learning math. I have been trying to keep up with the other students but the numbers just will not stick in my head. I remember being good at math when I was young, but now that I am 14, I am having trouble with algebra. I do not understand how it is possible to mix together all of the different numbers and letters. This is confusing to me. I feel as though I know the lesson and then when I try to do my work at home, I cannot remember what I have learned. At least I have my Holy Quran classes to look forward to. I am much better with words than with numbers. I know I should not complain. I could be working on the farm like all of my siblings. Since I am the oldest son, I know I have the responsibility to get a good education and for this I am grateful. This entry shows that education was very different for my grandfather. He was the only child that was able to attend school. This was before oil was discovered and developed, so people were much poorer than they are now. There were only two classes as well in those days. Education focused on math and the Holy Quran. Today, all children can go to school and they have access to computers, televisions and all sorts of technology. They learn about science, reading, history, and math. Education has really changed in the UAE since my grandfather’s time. This is one of the most exciting days of my life. My education is now complete and I am a fully certified architect. I am excited and sad because I will be leaving my small farm by the oasis. I will miss my father and mother, but there is no work for an architect in our little village.

The Socio-cultural Impact of Media Freedom in Pakistan and Its Term Paper

The Socio-cultural Impact of Media Freedom in Pakistan and Its Implications for Public Expression and Information Accessibility - Term Paper Example e then allowed to participate in proper elections this time in 1988 but the transition to democracy has been a continuous struggle between the military and civilian organisations. In short, where some democratic practices have been permitted, they have usually been partial, controlled and incomplete under the rule of the military (Zaidi, N.d.) or else manipulated under the occasional civilian rule. The pattern that emerges from this brief historical overview is that the degree of democracy has been generally (though not steadily) increasing in Pakistan over the past few decades. It has been a difficult process of political development however, as Pakistan has had to struggle with all the associated problems since its independence from British rule in 1947, such as â€Å"identity, legitimacy, integration, penetration, participation and distribution† (Bahadur, 1998: 14). Still, one essential element for implementing a true democratic framework only came about at the start of the present 21st century. That element is media freedom. Previous transitions to democracy lacked the degree of freedom of the media that is present today The importance of media freedom Media freedom allows the citizens to be better informed and therefore become involved in important issues or even challenge the government when necessary in order to ensure a healthy democracy. With the increasing complexity of modern society, it is necessary more than ever for ordinary citizens to be able to express themselves on public matters and access information that concerns them and which they have a right to know about. As Dahr Jamail (2006) said, â€Å"Since an informed citizenry is the basis for a healthy democracy, independent, non-corporate media are more crucial today than ever before†. Although these... From the report it is clear that media freedom allows the citizens to be better informed and therefore become involved in important issues or even challenge the government when necessary in order to ensure a healthy democracy. With the increasing complexity of modern society, it is necessary more than ever for ordinary citizens to be able to express themselves on public matters and access information that concerns them and which they have a right to know about. As the essay stresses media freedom is a recent phenomenon in Pakistan’s history. With the freeing of the media in Pakistan, the media landscape is very different now compared to how it was in the past. Previously, in the 1990s there were only a limited number of private operators, i.e. in addition to the state media. The power wielded by the state controlled media was evident, for example, when General Zia-ul-Haqq mandated a massive media campaign to discredit the popular civilian leader Zulfiiqar Ali Bhutto who was later executed. During Zia’s era, the power of the judiciary too was restricted. The media has had to struggle to maintain its freedom. There have been a number of both verbal and physical attacks on some private media offices and personnel by the government. There have also been periods of intense political pressure and during which bans have been imposed discussed further on. The vulnerability of the media in creating â€Å"an opportunity for the systema tic, sustained, and nationwide use of new media platforms† showed during this time.

Strategic Solutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic Solutions - Essay Example In Apple Inc., executives take advantage of a large number of college leavers by offering them low wages compared to their contributions besides denying them other employment benefits like commissions. In addition, despite Apple being among well-paying companies, wages paid to employees do not correspond to the sum the fetch for the company, hence the saying ‘Long on Loyalty but Short on Pay’.Most of the Apple’s capital is in the pockets of few, hence leading to wealth inequality in the country. The company does not provide job security too because an employee’s period in the company is very short-lived, mostly two and a half years. This is to the extent of quitting employment in Apple retail shops seems to be the best option for most employees due to the high rate of exploitation in the company. Correspondingly, Apple does not offer commissions to its workers and limits time for taking breaks. Although all this happens to create more wealth, employees earn less while key managers pocket large sums of money. At some point, the majority of employees realize that they will not rise as high as they can due to these limitations. This renders most of them becoming demoralized because they are not seeing any future advancements in the company.As exposed in the video ‘Wealth inequality in US’, local citizens work tirelessly towards enriching themselves in numerous corporations but end up earning less. Much wealth goes into the pockets of a few people holding high positions in these corporations.

History of the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of the United States - Essay Example Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction offered pardon to southern whites who took an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and accepted the abolition of slavery. Significantly, the Reconstruction period from 1865 to 1877 witnessed hostilities between the North and South and President Andrew Johnson was assassinated over the issue of reconstruction policy. "However, Radical Republicans in Congress wanted to punish the South for seceding from the Union. These two factions argued over Reconstruction policies and created further ill will between the North and South. Racism in the South also prevented the newly freed slaves from achieving equality in the political, economic, and social arenas of American life." (United States History to 1877) Therefore, Reconstruction in the United States which attempted to give meaning to the freedom that the former slaves had achieved was a long process which lasted from 1865 to 1877 and this paper makes a profound analysis of the reconstruction policies of Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, and the Radical Republicans. Abraham Lincoln made a vital step towards Reconstruction in the United States when he maintained that the freed slaves in the nation should be granted the rights of the American citizens instead of being urged to leave the country. The reconstruction process of President Lincoln gained the support of his loyal and reconstructed Unionists and this was an essential factor in the success of his policies. According to the reconstruction process of President Lincoln, the national government exerted an unprecedented amount of power to free the salves and guarantee their equal rights as free citizens. "That is why the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution contained clauses that 'Congress shall have power' to enforce these provisions for liberty and equal rights." (Reconstruction, 1863-1877) Significantly, Lincoln's reconstruction policy is best illustrated by the famous phrase in his Second Inaugural Address: 'With malice toward none, with charity for all' an d he was not able to complete the process of reconstruction due to his assassination in April 1865. After the death of Lincoln, Andrew Johnson was elevated to the Presidency of the United States and he was the only U.S. Senator from the South not to resign in 1861. The reconstruction policies of Andrew Johnson marked the formal completion of Reconstruction. Andrew Johnson's reconstruction policies reflected his firm belief in states' rights, his vigorous opposition of black suffrage, and the intense hatred of the pre-war Southern plantation aristocracy. Although the official reason for the impeachment of Andrew Johnson was that he had violated the Tenure of Office Act, the real reason was his stubborn defiance of Congress on reconstruction. According to Johnson's reconstruction policies, the states had to swear allegiance to the Union and ratify the 13th amendment in order to reenter the Union. He was willing to pardon high-ranking Confederate officers and "favored states' rights on issues such as giving African Americans the right to vote." He "did not support the Freedman's Burea u and "took a conciliatory approach". (United States History to 1877) In comparison, the reconstruction policies of the Radical Republicans were opposed to those of Abraham Lincoln and Andrew

Arguing against software patents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Arguing against software patents - Essay Example Software should not be patented, they say? (Anthypophora) Yes, it is only right that software should not be patented since it would not make sense to grant one person the right to a single innovation thereby making it impossible for any other person to come up with the same or even better piece of innovation. In many instances, software patent lay is shrouded by assumptions and myths (Bird and Jain 56). When one reads the arguments presented online about the criticisms of software patents, it is hard to miss the frequent misunderstanding, unnecessary exaggeration, considerable conspiracy theory and even misdirected equivocation which render these most of these arguments null and without substance (accumulatio). In other words, these arguments are baseless and should not be taken seriously. A good example of an argument that does not hold water at all is based on claims that software patents are used as schemes by greedy copyright lawyers who are out to make an extra buck by destroying patent protection (Stobbs 45). Despite such arguments as the one mentioned here (concession), there are many rock solid (metaphor) arguments against software patentability which make sense. One argument that carries a lot of weight, and one that has been frequently mentioned in many respectable circles is th at the patents can potentially encourage the creation and development of what are commonly referred to as patent thickets. In the world of technology, according to Stobbs (52) patent thickest are those numerous patents that are interconnected and researchers normally have a hard time navigating through them when they want to develop new technologies. There are two major types of thickets which can arise from software patent. The first type is the one that is characterized by a single innovation and it can be protected by more than one patent holder. This means that any individual interested in the development of certain software can obtain different licenses from several owners. The other type of thicket is one which allows for a product to be covered under many different patents as opposed to just one. The presence of these thickets in the software industry may cause the cost of innovation to rise and inefficiency in terms of growth. Some people argue that software patents have eco nomic value. However this value is usually undermined by the lack of a clear way of searching the software for patenting purposes (concession). This results from the fact that software patents are rarely indexed in any way that can make sense. This makes keyword searches on the software in question very hard and ineffective. There is also the question of legislation. In most cases, one cannot conduct patent libraries in the public domain due to stringent legal obstacles (Burgunder 26). The economic benefits of software patents are thus undermined since they normally depend on technical disclosures as well as patent claims which can only be found in the public domain. If an individual was to hire a patent lawyer to conduct a clearance search, it would not be

Why do many managers prefer that their employees work in teams Essay

Why do many managers prefer that their employees work in teams - Essay Example Managers of a majority of companies across the world desire and decide that their employees should work in teams because they think teamwork will improve efficiency and make the employees more satisfied. But from the research done so far and from the results obtained from the experiments of teamwork in companies, it is clear that teamwork need not necessarily deliver the outcomes that managers envisage. The problems in teamwork arise from it being something that involves humans who have different perceptions on one matter. Also it is very difficult to ensure equal opportunity in a team where talents at different levels act together. The hierarchy inside a team is also problematic. It is in this context that it is argued that teamwork is not delivering. At the same time, the proponents of teamwork have drawn attention to the successful outcomes that teamwork has brought about. History of teamwork Managers consider teamwork as a motivating factor and this was why GenXers of America wer e introduced with teamwork in their work places, which was a first time corporate reform of its kind (Appelbaum, Serena and Shapiro, 2004, 12). It was supposed to give more personal responsibility to them (Appelbaum, Serena and Shapiro, 2004, 12). It was also understood as originating from the GenXers’ search for sense of belonging (Appelbaum, Serena and Shapiro, 2004, 12). There have been many approaches in understanding and defining teamwork. It was initially observed that through teamwork, certain management objectives like, â€Å"positive attitude, risk-taking, individual and group responsibility and supportiveness have been achieved albeit very unevenly† (Findlay et al., 2000, 1567). By projecting the results of the small experiments of teamwork to a wider canvas, better productivity and more positive employee attitudes and behavior were expected of work-teams (Kirkman, Jones and Shapiro, 2000). Another viewpoint also emerged which saw teamwork as a function of em ployee self-aggrandizement by allowing the employees to make decisions in a creative manner (Ivancevich, n.d., 198). All these discussions, though defines teamwork differently, show how much value that new generation managements put in teamwork. Has employees welcomed teamwork ? There has been mixed response from the side of employees towards teamwork. One interesting criticism against teamwork has been that the employees were initially â€Å"bewitched† into teamwork rather than being logically convinced (McCabe, 2000, 209). But this argument is in a way, self-defeating because it agrees that employees have been accepting teamwork. By introducing teamwork, managements were trying to convince the employees that they were entering a new and more democratic cultural ambience (McCabe, 2000, 209). But later employees could not but see the inconsistencies in this management position. But if employees are disillusioned with teamwork as its critics say, then the question arises why t eamwork has become such a catchy phrase in management. Another allegation that though the employees value teamwork as positive, â€Å"employees are protective of social difference within their ranks† (Findlay et al., 2000, 22). But it has to be kept in mind that the employees have been used to the social hierarchies involved with the conventional management structure, for very long. Hence, to argue that they would be rebelling against a less hierarchical situation is highly illogical. Does teamwork, really work? Why? The commonsense promoted at managerial levels of organizations that teamwork is beneficial to employees and it will enhance productivity is found to be only partially true by researchers (McCabe, 2000; Findlay et al, 2000). Findlay et al. (2000) have been critical

Lincoln Electric Essay Example for Free

Lincoln Electric Essay Lincoln Electric’s CEO Massaro was correct in his assessment that, markets in developing countries would grow faster and yield a higher return. This strategy was critical and in alignment with the organizations goal to reach 50% foreign sales revenue. As president of Lincoln Asia, Mike Gillespie faces a great challenge with his decision to enter the Indonesian market. If Mr. Gillespie does decide to enter Indonesia, he must also decide whether to do it alone or through a joint venture, and how to structure employee compensation. It looks like Gillespie conducted enough corporate anthropology research to identify viable consumer product needs that Lincoln Electric will be able to provide (stick consumables vs. automatic consumables segments). I understand that investing in Indonesia offers many benefits to the organization, mostly towards increased profit margins and market share of consumable products (for further information regarding the strategic planning for entering Indonesia see Exhibit 1). However, in my opinion, Gillespie does not have enough data to make an informed decision regarding this move. Fear of a rekindled Civil War, unstable inflation rates, and other activities in the country revealed both economic and political instability. Other issues to be considered include labor issues of Indonesia 1. I would recommend further market and cultural analysis to aid his decision-making. If Gillespie decides to enter Indonesia, it is my recommendation to enter with a partner. I support this recommendation because, through his own market analysis and consultation it was identified that due to the political structure a local partner with in-depth knowledge, and political connections would be essential for success. I understand that a joint venture will decrease Lincoln Electrics profit margins, but in my opinion, the joint venture will minimize investment risk, especially if a partner is able to provide capital towards the cost of building a facility. Gillespies choice in partners should be based off of a predefined set of criteria. These criteria should include current relations/contracts with Lincoln Electric, current market share, knowledge of local market and culture, political and business contacts. The partner should also have the ability to withstand any financial risk toward this investment. See table 2 for a breakdown of both potential partners and how they compare to the criteria. I would recommend a joint venture with both companies (Tira and SSHJ). The reason for this recommendation is due to the diverse benefits, which both companies can bring to the venture. However, I have concerns regarding the loyalty of either partner to the Lincoln Electric brand. If we apply the social exchange theory to this situation, one could speculate that when more than one partner is included in a business relationship, the loyalty of each business partner may decreases due to competition and fear of favoritism 2. It is Gillespies intention to implement a piecework compensation structure and I support this decision. It is also the intent of Lincoln Electric to exceed minimum wage requirements and prevailing rates. Gillespie has concerns regarding the ability for all employees to meet minimum wage using piecework compensation. It is my recommendation to set the minimum daily quota at the minimum wage rate. I would also implement an aggressive performance bonus paying out monthly vs. annual. I would highly recommend further cultural analysis with a focus on time perceptions and labor perceptions of the local culture. The compensation structure should be adjusted as time goes on and favorable trends in compensation are identified.

Theory Of Career Construction Psychology Essay

Theory Of Career Construction Psychology Essay The purpose of this case study is to apply Savickas Theory of Career Construction to a volunteer client Yelonda J. Complete a narrative interview using the structured interview questions in the Career Style Interview, and employing the six steps. Discuss interpretations, observations and obtain her feedback. The theoretical foundation of Career Construction theory (CCT) has its beginnings from Constructivism, and according to Sharf (2009) Constructivism is a psychological approach that has developed out of a postmodern philosophical position. It has been stated the Postmodernism period was a reaction to modernism, in that it highlighted differences in individual views rather than a one-sided, rational scientific view of modernism. (Sharf 2009) Constructivist saw individuals as creators of their own destiny, and constructivist counselors sought to help clients discover that meaning and resolve any discrepancy. (Sharf 2009) According to (Sharf 2009, p316) the constructivism approach was greatly affected by the changing of the work environments in the 1970s. Employees were no longer staying with one position for their whole work life, as companies were becoming less loyal to employees and watching out for own bottom-line by downsizing their workforce to part-time. Employees soon discovered they needed to take charge of their future and looked to career counselors for help. According to (Busacca, 2007) constructivist career counseling attempts to answer one question how can an individual negotiate a lifetime job changes and not lose a sense of self? Career construction theory (CCT) came about to help individuals develop meaning out of their career choices and actions. CCT address how an individuals career is made from its personal and social constructs. These constructs are not actual real reality, but an individuals representation of that reality. CCT defines career as an objective and subjective construct. Objectively speaking, career is a listing of positions from the past to present. Subjectively, career is the personal meaning or a pattern of experiences form past, present, future. (Savickas, 2005, p43) CCT is made of three distinct perspectives and each seeks to determine how the individual views their life and career working together. (Busacca, 2007) These perspectives also help career counselor see how each individual views, makes adjustments and creates from their life experiences. These perspectives are life theme, career adaptability, and vocational personality. The Purpose and the Suppositions The purpose of CCT is to help the individual discover the subjective meaning in their work. In helping the individual discover this type of meaning, Career construction approach (CCA) stress the importance of the relationship between the individual and the counselor. Life themes In the previous career development theory we covered, Hollands inventories were used to obtain critical information about the individual, and make predictions of a career path and likely hood of success. Career Construction theory takes advantage of individual narrated stories to discover meaning behind the content. (Busacca, 2007) It has been stated pattern is the primary unit of meaning. By consciously organizing and binding together these discrete experiences, a unifying life theme patterns (Savickas 2005, p 58) pattern becomes a fundamental and essential way of being because it provides a way for individuals to see themselves and what is important in the world. (Savickas, 2005 p58) During a session an individual is encouraged to tell of work positions, experiences and develop a story linking career related experiences from the past to the present. The individual becomes the focus of attention as they narrated the counselor through their work and life stories. The counselor plays a less active role and listens for patterns in the individuals stories and life theme should begin to surface. (Busacca, 2007) Career Adaptability Once an individual has discovered a life theme, how they go about coping with the process of connecting with social expectations and how they construct their careers is the next step. (Savickas, 2005) Career counselors begin to ask questions of the individual such as How did you decide on that career? This is an important question to ask, because it relates to how the individual is choosing to cope or react to their social expectations. (Savickas 2005) stated adaptation was the interaction of self and society and it is this interaction where an individual develops their attitudes, beliefs, problem-solving and coping mechanisms. He went on to discuss four stages of adaptation resources. These resources are concern, control, curiosity and confidence. (Savickas, 2005) During the career concern stage, a career counselor focuses on whether an individual was concern about their future. A statement commonly made by individuals in this stage would be Do I have future. A lack of career concern has a likelihood of becoming indifference which usually reflects a feeling of pessimism about the future. Career concern is important because I it helps the individual to relate their current activities to future endeavors. The goal of this stage is the building of continuity of past and future career activities. (Savickas, 2005) (Busacca, 2007) The career control stage, a career counselor focuses on whether the individual feels or believes they are responsible for their careers. A statement commonly made by individuals in this stage would be Who owns my future? The lack of career control has a likelihood of becoming career indecisiveness and can lead to attitudes of indecision. The goal of this stage is deciding by clarifying choices. (Savickas, 2005) (Busacca, 2007) The career curiosity stage, a career counselor focuses on whether the individual discovered fit between self and the world of work. A statement commonly made by individuals in this stage would be What do I want to do with my future? The lack of career curiosity has the likelihood of becoming naÃÆ'Â ¯ve about work options. The goal of this stage is exploration, learning about self and clarifying values. (Savickas, 2005) (Busacca, 2007) The career confidence stage, a career counselor would focuses on whether the individual displayed self esteem, self efficacy and encouragement. A statement commonly made by an individual in this stage would be Can I do it? A lack of career confidence has a likelihood of becoming unmotivated and unwilling to obtain goals. The goal of this stage is increase self acceptance, develop problem solving abilities and encourage the willingness to try even when things look dark. (Busacca, 2007) (Savickas, 2005) Vocational Personality According to (Savickas, 2005) an individuals personality begins in the family, neighborhoods, and school. As that individual grows up, their characteristics are displayed everyday while doing housework, completing hobbies and playing games. CCT views these characteristics possibilities or hypothesis to explore for the discovering meaning. Unlike Hollands RAISEC which use an objective person-environment fit, CCT uses a subjective approach in demonstrating to the individual how they are similar to others in a given field, and share common feelings and ideas about work related activities. Account of Session with Yelonda J. Observations of Yelonda J. Counseling Session with Yelonda J.

Critique Of Jehovah Witnesses Theology Religion Essay

Critique Of Jehovah Witnesses Theology Religion Essay The aim of this report is to give a brief overview of the Jehovahs Witnesses and their mission to disprove the full deity of Jesus Christ. The Jehovah Witnesses under the guidance of the Watchtower Society believes that they are the sole earthly representative of God. They also believe that the Watchtower is the only organization that can correctly interpret the bible. The Jehovah Witnesses doctrinal views run contrary to the views of modern Christianity and therefore in the eyes of many, it is considered a cult. This report will show how with love and humility one could share the gospel of Jesus Christ with all members of this organization. THE BEGINNING OF THE JEHOVAH WITNESSES The Watchtower Society was founded by Charles Taze Russell (1852-1916). He was raised in a Presbyterian family in Pennsylvania and as a young teen he was encouraged to pursue a career in Christian ministry. No one really knows how long he was involved in the Presbyterian faith; however there were some doctrinal differences that he did not agree with. Russell had a problem with the doctrinal views of predestination and eternal punishment. After leaving the Presbyterian faith Russell became a Congregationalist. While a member of a Congregational church Russell is heavily influenced by an Advent Christian Church preacher, Jonas Wendell. Wendell who was a respectable Advent preacher becomes Russells mentor. Wendells family was a part of the Great Disappointment of 1844. This particular group known as the Adventists was looking forward to the return of Christ which 3 was predicted by William Miller a popular Baptist preacher. Of course this did not happen. Russell was intrigued with this group so he further immersed himself into the group and they again awaited the return of Christ in 1874 again this prediction did not happened. In 1879 Russell left the Adventists. Sometime later he began publishing his own magazine called Zions Watch Tower and Herald of Christs Presence. Russell used his magazine as a means to spread his doctrinal view which included many of the Adventists beliefs, such as rejecting the Trinity, eternal punishment, and the immortality of the soul. As if that was not bad enough Russell also proclaimed that Christs invisible presence (not Christs physical return) began in 1874 and that the human government would end and paradise would be restored by 1914. It was not until 1931 under the direction of a new leader (Joseph Franklin Rutherford) did the Watchtower Society adapt the name The Jehovahs Witnesses. Joseph Franklin Rutherfor d can be credited with the development of the present day hierarchical, or theocratic, organizational structure. CRITIQUE OF JEHOVAH WITNESSES The Jehovah Witnesses believe that the Watchtower Society is the one and only true organization any other organization is of the devil. The believers must obey the Watchtower as 4 the voice of God. If you believe anything other than what the Society espouses, you are disfellowshipped, and all your former Witness friends cluck and wag their heads because you have been influenced by Satan. There are many things wrong with the belief system of the Jehovah Witnesses, for one they deny the Trinity. Since the Trinity is not mentioned in the bible there is no basis for the Trinity. Believing that the Father, Son and the Holy Spirit are one is a pagan doctrine. They believe that Jesus was the first and greatest of creation and they believe Jesus is the incarnation of Michael the Archangel. The Jehovah Witnesses believe that God (Jehovah) and Jesus are two separate gods, with Jesus being an inferior god serving under God who is the only true God. The Jehovah Witnesses believe that the Holy Spirit is nothing more than Gods invisible force. The Jehovah Witnesses deny the existence of hell and teach that only 144,000 people will go to heaven and they believe that only the Jehovah Witnesses will survive the Battle of Armageddon and the second coming of Christ. WITNESSING TO THE JEHOVAH WITNESSES Known for their fast talking and at times confrontational manor witnessing to a Jehovah Witness can be intimidating and at times down right frightening. However, Christians are encouraged to use every opportunity to open their eyes to the truth and to share the gospel of Jesus Christ with them. When witnessing to a Jehovah Witness never forget that you are the 5 child of God; you must maintain authority in the situation and not allow the Jehovah Witness to take control. It is very critical that a positive attitude is always maintained. Keeping your cool could make or break the conversation. After all Christians are called to share the good news of the gospel with them so they might be saved from destruction (Jude 3; 1 Peter 3:15-16; Matthew 28:19-20). CONCLUSION Seek the truth Listen to the truth- Teach the truth Love the truth Abide by the truth- And defend the truth -Unto death. The desire of any Christian should be that everyone accepts Jesus Christ as their Lord and Savior. There is nothing wrong with having different views however; when that view goes against the word of God the job of the Christian is to show that person the error of their ways. This is done with love and humility and with much prayer.

Essay --

Film Critic Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close Just like most well received novels Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close has its own film adaptation by Stephen Daldry. It is just as impressive as the book itself, keeping the main storyline which is the best a film adaptation should do but in the other hand it has some changes that are very hard to go unnoticed. The cast is probably the main reason for the great result of the film. For the main roles Daldry went for award-winning actors such as Sandra Bullock, Tom Hanks and Max von Sydow who couldn’t have done a greater job at playing their characters. Sandra as Linda Schell played very well the distance Oskar feels she has to him, as well as the difficulty we can see in the book that she’s going through. Also Tom Hanks, who perfectly fit the image of an intelligent man who chose his family and family business over a more appropriate education for his level. However the big star is of course Thomas Horn who played the part of Oskar Schell. The talented young actor’s performance simply unbelievable, it is hard to believe how easily he played such a dramatic story. The screenwriters did a good choice maintaining the storyline: Oskar finds the key in his father’s closet in an envelope which has â€Å"Black† written on it, inside a blue vase and desperately starts an expedition in NYC to find the lock that fits the key. So far so good, however the three-narrators perspective we have in the book that’s gives the story an exciting dynamic, is completely ignored and we have Oskar as the only narrator of the story. The movie is told from Oskar’s point of view but it still is very poor in what refers to his longs internal monologues that are seen in the book. Another point that has been igno... ... on his emotional response, combined with the same melancholic music every time. However, the melancholy of the song would always change into violent, loud, confusing notes whenever Oskar was outside on the streets facing his fears. Here the use of various points of views from Oskar’s perspective was explored. Extreme close ups on objects like screws were often used to demonstrate Oskar’s panic. Although all the changes which are necessary but still bothers the readers of the original work, the film contained the same melancholy and excitement in the story. We learn in both works that the number of people who leave is high, but the one who stay is even higher and everyone has their own story and sadness to share. The filmic adaptation intensifies the literary work, and both of them can be studied and compared side by side and still have their own particular charm.

College Admissions Essay: Life is Beautiful :: College Admissions Essays

Life is Beautiful A friend of mine recently sent me an email with an aphorism that read, "Don't try so hard, the best things come when you least expect them to." I shuddered at its implications. According to this, the best things come to you; you do not elicit them. Trying hard, it seems, is irrelevant to what becomes of our life. I would rephrase it: "Try so hard that it becomes easy, and accept the best things as the best person to receive them." For it is only hard because you do not know that it is easy. The complete work is easy and lovely--easy as sweat and blood is easy, for the alternative of holding back, of reserving your power, of giving half your heart to what you seek, this, this, is hard. Only habit makes it easy. If you are not wise enough to know the good and true way, then it is your one goal, your singular objective to become wise. And once you are wise, you find what is good and true, and you give your all to it. Bend not your knee to distraction. Allow me to repeat: giving all is only hard because you do not realize that it is easy. If I told you that I am called to be a writer, then it should be assumed the gentle task I have before me: study my homework for four hours a day, edit my book three hours a day, write letters and journal entries at every spare moment, read literature of all sorts--and only high literature, the best every written, nothing secondary or weak. All this must be done without a tinge of complaint, without any holding back, without any fear of failure, without any sense that I am sacrificing, without a feeling of duty. To complain is to reveal an inner contradiction.   If I do complain, I must figure out why, and solve that problem. College Admissions Essay: Life is Beautiful :: College Admissions Essays Life is Beautiful A friend of mine recently sent me an email with an aphorism that read, "Don't try so hard, the best things come when you least expect them to." I shuddered at its implications. According to this, the best things come to you; you do not elicit them. Trying hard, it seems, is irrelevant to what becomes of our life. I would rephrase it: "Try so hard that it becomes easy, and accept the best things as the best person to receive them." For it is only hard because you do not know that it is easy. The complete work is easy and lovely--easy as sweat and blood is easy, for the alternative of holding back, of reserving your power, of giving half your heart to what you seek, this, this, is hard. Only habit makes it easy. If you are not wise enough to know the good and true way, then it is your one goal, your singular objective to become wise. And once you are wise, you find what is good and true, and you give your all to it. Bend not your knee to distraction. Allow me to repeat: giving all is only hard because you do not realize that it is easy. If I told you that I am called to be a writer, then it should be assumed the gentle task I have before me: study my homework for four hours a day, edit my book three hours a day, write letters and journal entries at every spare moment, read literature of all sorts--and only high literature, the best every written, nothing secondary or weak. All this must be done without a tinge of complaint, without any holding back, without any fear of failure, without any sense that I am sacrificing, without a feeling of duty. To complain is to reveal an inner contradiction.   If I do complain, I must figure out why, and solve that problem.

The Lost City Atlantis Essay -- Mythology

Introduction We have all heard about the legend of Atlantis. It’s said that Atlantis was an advanced civilization with highly developed economy and technology. But one day, catastrophe occurred in sudden. Atlantis entirely sank beneath the waves in only one day and one night. In thousands of years, Atlantis has caught the imagination of people from all over the world. Many adventurers, historians and anthropologists spent their whole life trying to open the mysterious veil of Atlantis. But has Atlantis ever existed? Description of Atlantis Plato gave the first and principal written account of Atlantis in his dialogues, â€Å"Critias† and â€Å"Timaeus†. In his description, Atlantis was a huge island located near the Straits of Gibraltar. In this island, there was a great empire which had flourished more than nine thousand years earlier. Atlantean residents had extraordinary intelligence. Their society was far more advanced than any other civilization at that time. The wealth of Atlantis was so unimaginable that even the walls were covered in gold. Furthermore, Atlantis had a huge trading network and a powerful navy. But with the passage of time, the Atlanteans became more and more arrogant, and they even wanted to rule the whole world. They were defeated by brave Athens soldiers. After that, fatal earthquakes and floods occurred in Atlantis; and in a single day and night, the island of Atlantis was swallowed up by the sea. Arguments about existence of Atlantis In 1882, Ignatius L. Donnelly published a book named â€Å"Atlantis: the Antediluvian World†. In this book, Donnelly tried to demonstrate his hypothesis that all known ancient civilizations were descended from a specific civilization, which was Atlantis. He observed that ancie... ....co.uk. 24 Feb. 2012 . Mystery Quest: Lost City of Atlantis. Prod. Ryan Miller. DVD. A&E Home Video, 2010. News, CBC. "Signs of Atlantis found in southern Spain." CBCnews. 14 Mar. 2011. CBC/Radio Canada. 24 Feb. 2012 . Staff, Msnbc.com, and News Service Reports. "Lost city of Atlantis believed found off Spain." Msnbc.com. 14 Mar. 2011. Msnbc Digital Network. 24 Feb. 2012 . Stewart, Iain. "Echoes of Plato's Atlantis." BBC News. 17 Feb. 2011. BBC. 24 Feb. 2012 .

Methods in Computer Security Essay

One of the negative impacts of technological advancements is the advancement of criminal methods. As one of the widespread progression in the whole world today, computerization has been made an instrument for criminal offenses, and this has alarmed many computer experts since the millennium bug had emerged, and was fortunately solved. Knowing the things that must be observed in computer software and hardware investigation is important to flourish as a computer forensics expert. Current investigations usually dwell on individual category, but still it can be expanded to a more general sense in analyzing the patterns and motives of maybe not just individuals, but groups or organizations (Anderson, 1996). First, in either hardware of software, all protective procedures must be known by the investigator. Security for the reliability of the source of information is of an utmost importance in fishing evidences towards solving a crime. The computer itself is the first place that must be secured. A way to secure them is to label them to avoid possible damages and interchange of the computer parts. Keeping the original state of the machine whether it is turned on/off, or maintaining connections at the back of the CPU or a laptop, is also a requirement for in the case of transportation, there might be a need to disassemble the parts, and knowing the original positions of the connections is relevant to restore the computer for investigation after transportation (Barba, __, p. 19). Second is the acquisition of electronic information. This can be obtained from the hard disk or other disk drives attached to the computer and to e-mails, where possible records of computer manipulation that the offender had done to the systems before and after completion of the act are present. Looking at the deleted and hidden files is also a very crucial step, which might lead to the identification of the possible objectives of the criminal in deleting those data fragments, or what data he needed so as to complete his purpose (Barba, __, p. 24). Upon identification of the important data files that are removed from the system, and if there exists any system transactions that can be done through those files, like for example bank transactions, it would be the initiative of investigator to warn the potential persons that can be damaged when the transactions have been completed. The third thing that is important to consider is the recovery of the lost information that the client needs. It may also be possible to identify log-in passwords and usernames to monitor the users of the computer which can be associated with time of deletion of information, thus identifying the criminal. They can also look at the possible system protection measures to secure information and to avoid access again to the system. The log and registry of the computer may trace this necessary information and identify changes on the computer codes (Sunblocksystems. com, 2007). Fingerprints may also be looked at in the case of a criminal act done at the place of the client itself. Identification of the criminal would be much more specific at this case. References Anderson, K. E. (1996). International Intrusions: Motives and Patterns Retrieved July 14, 2008, 2008, from http://www. aracnet. com/~kea/Papers/paper. shtml Barba, M. (___). Computer Forensic Investigations [Electronic Version]. Retrieved July 14, 2008, from http://www. computer-forensic. com/old_site/presentations/ASIS_Presentation. pdf Sunblocksystems. com. (2007). Computer Forensics. Retrieved July 13, 2008, from http://www. sunblocksystems. com/forensics. html

Social Inequality

Social Inequality Today, there are many stereotypes and discriminatory practices that act as barriers to a woman's advancement within the workplace. While it is undeniable that there are biological and physical differences between men and women, often times these differences are used to justify the unequal treatment of women not only in the workplace, but within society as a whole. Throughout history, women have often been viewed as the weaker sex and thus their place was thought to be within the home as the family caretaker.Unfortunately, these views continue to define the different social roles for men and women in the world today. This is an issue that almost everyone woman at some point in their life has had to face. Some may experience this unequal treatment at their work place, during their education, or in their everyday lives. Historically, a woman’s primary job was managing the household. As housewives who had no source of income besides that of what their husbands ea rned. In the public’s eye women were nothing more than wives, homemakers, caregivers, and mothers.It was not thought of for a woman to work a â€Å"real job† their place was at home taking care of the family. Throughout history women have struggled for equality. The Suffrage Movement and later the Affirmative Action were efforts to increase equality among genders. As the United States economy was changing to a more industrialized one it demanded more workers. While men were at war, the demand for workers needed for war production increased. Women decided to help out with war efforts by taking over the jobs left by men. This step was huge for women realizing their potential in the workplace.Prior to 1963 it was legal for a business to pay a woman performing similar work as a man a lower wage. It was also rare to find a woman in a position of authority in a workplace. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 required gender equality for payment of wages. From that point forward it was illegal for an employer to pay a woman a lower wage than a man simply because of her gender. A woman who suffers discrimination under the terms of this law may sue her employer in civil court to recover lost wages and punitive damages. A year later, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed.This granted equal rights to women in all areas of employment. Discrimination of any kind in the workplace based on gender was now illegal. The passing of the Civil Rights Act opened new career doors for women and supplied them with the legal support to do so. However, The Civil Rights Act was amended in 1991 when the federal government moved to include sexual harassment in the law's statutes. This revision allowed women to sue employers who permitted sexual harassment in the workplace for compensatory and punitive damages in court.This amendment to the Act did not stop sexual harassment in the workplace but it does help to empower women to fight back against the behavior. Even with these laws ther e is still a significant pay gap among men and women. For example in 2011, women working full time in the United States typically earned just 77 percent of what men earned, a gap of 23 percent. This gap has narrowed since the 1970s, due mainly to women’s progress in education and workforce participation and to men’s wages rising at a slower rate. The subject of equal pay is not only a woman’s issue but also the family’s issue.Families are relaying on women’s earning more than ever just to make ends meet. In typical married households, women’s incomes accounted for 36 percent of total family income in 2008, up from 29 percent in 1983. These days a large majority of mothers are in the paid labor force, and about one-third of employed mothers are the sole breadwinners for their families. For the 34 percent of working mothers who are the sole breadwinner for their family; either because they are single parents or their spouses is not in the labo r force.The gender pay gap can contribute to poor living conditions, poor nutrition, and fewer opportunities for their children. And for these women, closing the gender pay gap is much more than a point of pride it’s a matter of necessity. In 2011 women working full time made annual earnings of $37,118, while men annually made $48,202. Although statistics show the gender pay gap is smallest among the youngest workers. For instance, in 2010 full-time workers ages 16–19, women earned 95 percent of what men earned on a weekly basis.Among workers 65 years and older, women earned only 76 percent of what their male peers earned. Women typically earn more than 90 percent of what men earn until around the age of 35, at which point median earnings for women start to grow much more slowly than median earnings for men. After age 35, women’s median earnings fall to between 75 and 80 percent of the median earnings of men and remain there until retirement. When you look at ed ucation statistics you’ll see that more education is an effective tool for increasing earnings, but it is not an effective tool against the gender pay gap.At every level of academic achievement, women’s median earnings are less than men’s median earnings, and in some cases, the gender pay gap is larger at higher levels of education. While more education is an effective tool for increasing earnings, it is not an effective tool against the gender pay gap. In nearly every line of work, women face a pay gap no matter their education background or training. While a pay gap exists in nearly every occupational field, jobs traditionally associated with men tend to pay better than traditional female jobs, regardless of skill required.Even in 2012, women and men still tend to work in different kinds of jobs. This segregation of occupations is a major factor behind the pay gap. A significant part of the problem with workplace inequality is that women, throughout history ha ve traditionally assumed the responsibility of child-rearing. As a result, women's work outside the home is still seen as secondary or supplemental, even when they occupy highly skilled, professional, or management positions. The reasoning is that the Father's responsibility is with employment, while the Mother's is with the household.However, this is increasingly no longer the case in modern society. Employers often perceive working mothers as confronting a conflict of loyalty between home and work, and assume that these women, regardless of their circumstances, will lack the commitment required of the â€Å"ideal worker,† and thus they often exclude women as candidates for positions structured for such workers. Studies have shown that often times when a woman has to take a leave of absence from her job to meet family responsibilities, these absences have hurt their potential for future advancement within their organizations and others.Some businesses feel women will place t heir professional lives on hold in order to attend to family needs. This however is not always the case. If needed there should be a child care facilities on site, which should provide flexible working arrangements and hours. I personally believe that woman can balance the two lives, if the company is willing to provide assistance. There is experimental research documented showing that employers are less likely to hire mothers compared with childless women, and when employers do make an offer to a mother, they offer them lower salaries than they do other women.Fathers, in contrast, do not suffer a penalty compared with other men. Clearly, parenthood often affects men and women very differently in terms of labor force participation and how they are viewed by employers, and that difference may be reflected in a worker’s salary. According to the U. S. Department of Labor, more than 50% of women participate in the labor force. Of those 57 million in the workforce, only 72% work f ull time while the other 28% are part time workers. Many of those part-time workers hold multiple jobs.Even though women occupy more jobs than before, we can still a concentration in jobs being viewed as traditionally female. The top five occupations for women in 2003 were secretaries and administrative assistants (96. 3%), elementary and middle school teachers (80. 6%), registered nurses (90. 2%), nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides (89%), and cashiers (75. 5%). Women continue to get paid less than men. Despite the awareness of gender inequality, there are still arguments about gender difference and assumptions that women and men are from different plants.The workplace still remains an unequal area, by persistent sex segregation, wage inequality, sex discrimination, and sexual harassment. Both women and men work, not only because they have to but want to. Employers should not judge women as being non-dependable. Family structure has changed dramatically over the years. Both parents share the family responsibilities. To compensate for the change businesses have introduced flextime, job sharing, telecommuting, on-site day care, and parental leave.Employers should accommodate a woman’s needs and expand the gender diversity in their company. There was a time where balance of respect and roles never existed between the two, but today, both men and women are truly redefining themselves and their relationships with each other. Most importantly women have broken from the bondage of dependence on men. They no longer have to submit themselves to one main role in the family life as the mother; they can now go beyond that and become the family breadwinner. Social Inequality Social Inequality Today, there are many stereotypes and discriminatory practices that act as barriers to a woman's advancement within the workplace. While it is undeniable that there are biological and physical differences between men and women, often times these differences are used to justify the unequal treatment of women not only in the workplace, but within society as a whole. Throughout history, women have often been viewed as the weaker sex and thus their place was thought to be within the home as the family caretaker.Unfortunately, these views continue to define the different social roles for men and women in the world today. This is an issue that almost everyone woman at some point in their life has had to face. Some may experience this unequal treatment at their work place, during their education, or in their everyday lives. Historically, a woman’s primary job was managing the household. As housewives who had no source of income besides that of what their husbands ea rned. In the public’s eye women were nothing more than wives, homemakers, caregivers, and mothers.It was not thought of for a woman to work a â€Å"real job† their place was at home taking care of the family. Throughout history women have struggled for equality. The Suffrage Movement and later the Affirmative Action were efforts to increase equality among genders. As the United States economy was changing to a more industrialized one it demanded more workers. While men were at war, the demand for workers needed for war production increased. Women decided to help out with war efforts by taking over the jobs left by men. This step was huge for women realizing their potential in the workplace.Prior to 1963 it was legal for a business to pay a woman performing similar work as a man a lower wage. It was also rare to find a woman in a position of authority in a workplace. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 required gender equality for payment of wages. From that point forward it was illegal for an employer to pay a woman a lower wage than a man simply because of her gender. A woman who suffers discrimination under the terms of this law may sue her employer in civil court to recover lost wages and punitive damages. A year later, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed.This granted equal rights to women in all areas of employment. Discrimination of any kind in the workplace based on gender was now illegal. The passing of the Civil Rights Act opened new career doors for women and supplied them with the legal support to do so. However, The Civil Rights Act was amended in 1991 when the federal government moved to include sexual harassment in the law's statutes. This revision allowed women to sue employers who permitted sexual harassment in the workplace for compensatory and punitive damages in court.This amendment to the Act did not stop sexual harassment in the workplace but it does help to empower women to fight back against the behavior. Even with these laws ther e is still a significant pay gap among men and women. For example in 2011, women working full time in the United States typically earned just 77 percent of what men earned, a gap of 23 percent. This gap has narrowed since the 1970s, due mainly to women’s progress in education and workforce participation and to men’s wages rising at a slower rate. The subject of equal pay is not only a woman’s issue but also the family’s issue.Families are relaying on women’s earning more than ever just to make ends meet. In typical married households, women’s incomes accounted for 36 percent of total family income in 2008, up from 29 percent in 1983. These days a large majority of mothers are in the paid labor force, and about one-third of employed mothers are the sole breadwinners for their families. For the 34 percent of working mothers who are the sole breadwinner for their family; either because they are single parents or their spouses is not in the labo r force.The gender pay gap can contribute to poor living conditions, poor nutrition, and fewer opportunities for their children. And for these women, closing the gender pay gap is much more than a point of pride it’s a matter of necessity. In 2011 women working full time made annual earnings of $37,118, while men annually made $48,202. Although statistics show the gender pay gap is smallest among the youngest workers. For instance, in 2010 full-time workers ages 16–19, women earned 95 percent of what men earned on a weekly basis.Among workers 65 years and older, women earned only 76 percent of what their male peers earned. Women typically earn more than 90 percent of what men earn until around the age of 35, at which point median earnings for women start to grow much more slowly than median earnings for men. After age 35, women’s median earnings fall to between 75 and 80 percent of the median earnings of men and remain there until retirement. When you look at ed ucation statistics you’ll see that more education is an effective tool for increasing earnings, but it is not an effective tool against the gender pay gap.At every level of academic achievement, women’s median earnings are less than men’s median earnings, and in some cases, the gender pay gap is larger at higher levels of education. While more education is an effective tool for increasing earnings, it is not an effective tool against the gender pay gap. In nearly every line of work, women face a pay gap no matter their education background or training. While a pay gap exists in nearly every occupational field, jobs traditionally associated with men tend to pay better than traditional female jobs, regardless of skill required.Even in 2012, women and men still tend to work in different kinds of jobs. This segregation of occupations is a major factor behind the pay gap. A significant part of the problem with workplace inequality is that women, throughout history ha ve traditionally assumed the responsibility of child-rearing. As a result, women's work outside the home is still seen as secondary or supplemental, even when they occupy highly skilled, professional, or management positions. The reasoning is that the Father's responsibility is with employment, while the Mother's is with the household.However, this is increasingly no longer the case in modern society. Employers often perceive working mothers as confronting a conflict of loyalty between home and work, and assume that these women, regardless of their circumstances, will lack the commitment required of the â€Å"ideal worker,† and thus they often exclude women as candidates for positions structured for such workers. Studies have shown that often times when a woman has to take a leave of absence from her job to meet family responsibilities, these absences have hurt their potential for future advancement within their organizations and others.Some businesses feel women will place t heir professional lives on hold in order to attend to family needs. This however is not always the case. If needed there should be a child care facilities on site, which should provide flexible working arrangements and hours. I personally believe that woman can balance the two lives, if the company is willing to provide assistance. There is experimental research documented showing that employers are less likely to hire mothers compared with childless women, and when employers do make an offer to a mother, they offer them lower salaries than they do other women.Fathers, in contrast, do not suffer a penalty compared with other men. Clearly, parenthood often affects men and women very differently in terms of labor force participation and how they are viewed by employers, and that difference may be reflected in a worker’s salary. According to the U. S. Department of Labor, more than 50% of women participate in the labor force. Of those 57 million in the workforce, only 72% work f ull time while the other 28% are part time workers. Many of those part-time workers hold multiple jobs.Even though women occupy more jobs than before, we can still a concentration in jobs being viewed as traditionally female. The top five occupations for women in 2003 were secretaries and administrative assistants (96. 3%), elementary and middle school teachers (80. 6%), registered nurses (90. 2%), nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides (89%), and cashiers (75. 5%). Women continue to get paid less than men. Despite the awareness of gender inequality, there are still arguments about gender difference and assumptions that women and men are from different plants.The workplace still remains an unequal area, by persistent sex segregation, wage inequality, sex discrimination, and sexual harassment. Both women and men work, not only because they have to but want to. Employers should not judge women as being non-dependable. Family structure has changed dramatically over the years. Both parents share the family responsibilities. To compensate for the change businesses have introduced flextime, job sharing, telecommuting, on-site day care, and parental leave.Employers should accommodate a woman’s needs and expand the gender diversity in their company. There was a time where balance of respect and roles never existed between the two, but today, both men and women are truly redefining themselves and their relationships with each other. Most importantly women have broken from the bondage of dependence on men. They no longer have to submit themselves to one main role in the family life as the mother; they can now go beyond that and become the family breadwinner.

Particular style and cultural context of the theatre Essay

â€Å"Taking a range of plays studied on the course show how the play texts are affected by the particular style and cultural context of the theatre from which they are drawn. † For this essay I will be looking at The Menaechmi by Plautus, Once upon Four Robbers by Femi Osofisan, Therese Raquin by Emile Zola, Hernani by Victor Hugo, Riders to the Sea by J. M. Synge, Aoi no Uye by Zenchiku Jinobu and East Lynne by Mrs Wood, adapted by T. A. Palmer. I have chosen this selection of plays as I feel it gives an accurate cross section of the plays which have made up the course this year. From delving into the culture surrounding these different plays I will be examining the cultural and political aspects which have affected their creation, and how these plays may reflect or affect reality. Plautus having been born in Italy became a Roman soldier, â€Å"This is probably when he was exposed to the delights of the Greek stage†. After the Macedonian conquest, Greek comedy moved away from â€Å"The daring personal and political satire of Aristophanes†. The Three era’s of Greek Comedy are categorised as Old, Middle and New, and the development of comedy is said to be â€Å"mainly due to the political and social conditions of Athens, it finally held up a mirror to all that was characteristic of Athenian life. † Plautus made adaptations of Plays by the Popular Greek playwright Menander. However the refined work of Menander would hold little interest for a rowdy Roman crowd. So Plautus’ plays are, as the Romans would have loved to watch, full of debauchery and brashness. This can certainly be seen in The Menaechmi, from the very beginning of the play. The Prologue in its entirety encourages the audience to pay attention, with the rhyming language appealing to all classes and making the play very easy to listen to and understand. The character Menaechmus 1 is the epitome of infidelity and licentiousness; he says to his mistress Desiree â€Å"now can you guess what I want to do? † Desiree, your typical subservient sex object, replies â€Å"Yes, I know and what’s more, I’ll do what you want†. The language Plautus uses throughout is loaded with sexual innuendo â€Å"twist in it, won’t you? † and â€Å"Your Tight pants. † Plautus seemed to pander to the wants of his Roman audiences, with great success. Another playwright of the time who took ideas from Menander’s comedies was Terence. However Terence, unlike Plautus â€Å"cared little about public taste, instead he devoted himself to capturing the spirit of the Greek originals which he adapted†. East Lynne, adapted by T. A. Palmer, is another play which is a pure product of the popular culture of its time. One source of information I used in my research on East Lynne said â€Å"The story’s extreme emotionalism made it popular in its time, especially in the U. S. Today it is seen as the epitome of melodramatic excess. † This quotation, I believe, really does sum up the feel of the play. The Victorian Era, from which the play is drawn, was filled with similar performances. The style was known as â€Å"Pictorial Theatre† as it conveyed absolutely no sense of realism, and simple pictures were used to make scenery. Looking at the play itself you can see the ‘stock’ characters very clearly, the insipid female roles, the strong over-bearing and controlling males, and the almost sickening displays of emotion that signify this romanticism. Particular lines that demonstrate this clearly within the text are this from Isabel: â€Å"Love and contentment can make the humblest home happy. † And: â€Å"When he leaves me it seems as though the sunshine had faded from my life†. The playwright makes little attempt to influence the actor’s interpretation of characters, with highly brief stage directions that literally just indicate each characters entrances and exits. Costumes at this time were contemporary clothing, and like every other aspect of this style, suggestively un-realistic – well at least it was consistent! Though this style was very popular at the time, interesting things were happening in Ireland†¦ â€Å"The hundred years between 1840 and 1940 saw Ireland struggle for, achieve, and deal with the consequences of political liberty and new nationhood. † The realism of theatre created by the likes of Synge, Yates, and Wilde eventually carried over to Britain and â€Å"is commonly known as the Irish Renaissance. † Personally I feel that this resurgence was brought on by the political liberty of Ireland and the desire to find a cultural identity. J. M. Synge wrote plays about Irish peasant life and considering the popularity of melodrama in Britain the differences between East Lynne and Riders to the sea is enormous. The most striking thing you notice when looking at Riders to the Sea is the constant interruptions by the playwright, directing the actor and production towards a realistic style. At the beginning of the play there is a stage direction, setting the scene in so much detail as to include that â€Å"Cathleen, a girl of about twenty, finishes kneading cake, and puts it down in the pot oven by the fire; then wipes her hands, and begins to spin†¦ † The majority of the cast are female, with the head of the household being ‘Maurya’ an old woman. This quotation from the plays sums up her reasoning and character â€Å"Bartley will have a fine coffin out of the white boards, and a deep grave surely. What more can we want than that? No man at all can be living for ever, and we must be satisfied. † For sure, J. M. Synge was one of the people who contributed to the naturalism we see in theatre today. In many countries, political theatre can be seen in one form or another. Modern African Drama is a general category of performances that â€Å"in practise and principle propose to stand in opposition to the dominant trends of cultural presentations and representations, productions and social relations†. Femi Osofisan’s play, Once upon Four Robbers, is a heavily loaded political tool. The prologue is highly motivational, with quotations like this: â€Å"Slogans about returning to the land, sermons of bourgeois morality, are empty to a man who is born condemned to poverty. † And: â€Å"I hope this play shocks us into a new awareness†¦ I hope it helps to change our attitude from passive acceptance or sterile indignation into a more dynamic more enraged determination to confront ourselves and our lives. † Within the play itself you can see elements which are almost Brechtian at times, the use of the ‘Song of the storyteller’ for example. Regarding a section of the text in which three characters read off a list of ‘scandals’ there are footnotes relating to this list which read†¦ â€Å"In production, the list should be made to include the most recent public scandals† effectively highlighting that the story of the play really is one that transcends eras of time so long as the political references are kept up to date. This also shows the flexibility of the writer; the flexibility of African theatre as a whole. The ending of the play depends on the result of the audiences opinions. Two separate endings are written. One sees the Robbers set free, and the other sees them put to death. This emphasises further Osofisan’s desire for the audience and for the African people as a whole to start passing judgement on their lives, on their governments and on their oppression. Africa as a continent is one which has always suffered through oppression; this play like many others seems to be trying to counteract this. In the words of Paulo Freire â€Å"What could be a more effective way of making people actors in their own development than to raise their awareness and arouse their energies through cultural activities. † The beginning of the Romantic Movement was supposedly heralded by the French play, Hernani, written by Victor Hugo. In France around 1660 – 1830 there were certain rules attached to the writing of a play. These were known as the Unities. The three Unities were that a play must take place in one day; the duration of the play could not span weeks or months. The second was that there could only be one setting for the entirety of the play. The third unity was that the action could only be on one plot or story line. Hernani breaks all of these rules as it involved characters from medieval history, had lots of scenery changes and does not hold one plot solely. The Romantic features of Hernani include the character Dona Sol, the emotional, bland female and the character of the Duke who barges into the play at the beginning and assumes control. There is also a sense of spiritualization in the play with the ghostly ‘Mask’ character. In fact, when the play was first performed in 1830, Hugo announced that he â€Å"would employ no claque or hired applauders†, a customary practise in French Theatres. It seems that Hernani was certainly affected by the style of theatre in France when it was written; it went against all the conventions that existed at the time. Another French playwright, Emile Zola, produced Therese Raquin in 1873, another play which certainly went against convention; Emile Zola’s novels were â€Å"attacked and even banned for their frankness and sordid detail. † In fact when he published the open letter ‘J’Accuse’ in defence of Alfred Dreyfus, an army officer who had been convicted of treason. Zola was sentenced to prison for libel. Zola was said to have been the â€Å"Leader of the naturalist movement in 19th Century Literature. † His early writing borrowed heavily from the Romantic Movement but as his style developed he was more influenced by science than art, and was said to have been â€Å"inspired by Claude Bernhard’s introduction to experimental medicine (1865)†. The play itself is very realistic, the setting is in one room which complies with one of the unities but takes place over a long stretch of time. The characters Zola creates in Therese Raquin include Camille, an irritating, immature and pompous Man who is seriously cossetted by his mother. His character is epitomised by lines such as â€Å"She hasn’t much brain, poor girl, but she looks after me marvellously when I’m ill. Mama has taught her to make my camomile tea. † Another Character of great importance is the mother Madame Raquin whose typical lines include â€Å"Now, now, Therese, Laurent is not very happy. He lives in a garret and they feed him very poorly at that little cafi of his. † Madame Raquin is a middle class, self righteous, snob who oppresses and patronises Therese. Camille is just as bad as his mother but is just a result of her conceited values. The subject is clearly an attack at the bourgeois, but many people seemed to have been more concerned with attacking Zola’s scientific methods of conveying relationships. Wilde Quipped that Zola was determined to show â€Å"that if he has not got genius, he can at least be dull. † The spirit world and the real world are highly linked in Japanese society and so it would be incredibly strange not to see some existence of this in Japanese Noh Theatre. The play Aoi no Uye by Zenchiku Ujinobu is certainly an example of this, with the witch character â€Å"reciting a mystic formula† which invokes â€Å"The living phantasm of Rokujo†. One of the most important features of the Noh play is the use of the Theatre as a means of enforcing religious morals, in particular the Buddhist doctrine that â€Å"human salvation is achieved through prayer and penance. † Aoi No Uye is an example of a Demon play, one of five of the categories given to all plays in the style of Noh. This particular category usually has a demon or supernatural figure as the protagonist, â€Å"there is a battle between the demon and hero in which the demon is usually subdued† and this is very much the pattern of events in Aoi no Uye. The high status Saint character comes along and drives out the demon Rokujo, who in his final speech exclaims â€Å"The voice of the Hannya Book! I am afraid. Never again will I come as an angry ghost. † Then, in order to drive the point forward even further the Ghost ends the play saying â€Å"When she heard the sound of Scripture the demons raging heart was stilled; shapes of pity and sufferance, the bodhisats v descend. Her soul casts off its bonds, she walks in Buddha’s way. † This theatre form seems to be incredibly moralistic and it is clear that religion exerts a dogmatic hold over the people who view such performances. The play text itself is a prime example of the Noh genre, it complies in every aspect. Out of all the plays I have chosen to cover in this essay it is interesting that despite whether the playwright has chosen to write his or her play in the cultural style of the time or to go against the grain entirely in order to produce a new style of theatre, whether the play itself adheres to the politics of a particular society or if it attempts to evoke a political stance in the audience, all are affected by their cultural, social and political circumstances. All these plays have affected the cultures from which they are drawn to a greater or lesser extent. The degree to which they have reflected their theatrical, political or cultural situation is variable and especially remarkable. Bibliography: Alice, B, 1935, Minute history of the drama, Grosset and Dunlap. Bates, Alfred, 1906, The Drama: Its history, literature and influence on civilisation, London Historical Publishing Company. Crowe, Stanley, 2003, Furman University site. Didaskalia, 1999, Ancient theatre today, UC Berkeley Freire, Paulo, 1972, pedagogy of the oppressed, Penguin. Guardian Unlimited, 2003, Guardian Newspapers LTD. The New Penguin Dictionary of the Theatre, 2001, The Penguin Group.

Festivals of India Essay

The holiday celebrates the conclusion of the 29 or 30 days of dawn-to-sunset fasting during the entire month of Ramadan. The day of Eid, therefore, falls on the first day of the month of Shawwal. Christmas (Old English: Cristesm? sse, meaning â€Å"Christ’s Mass†) is an annual commemoration of the birth of Jesus Christ and a widely observedholiday, celebrated generally on December 25 by millions of people around the world. A feast central to the Christian liturgical year, it closes the Advent season and initiates the twelve days of Christmastide, which ends after the twelfth night. Christmas is a civil holiday in many of the world’s nations, is celebrated by an increasing number of non-Christians, and is an integral part of the Christmas and holiday season. Makar Sankranti is one of the most auspicious occasions for the Hindus, and is celebrated in almost all parts of India in a myriad of cultural forms, with great devotion, fervour, and gaiety. It is a harvest festival. Makar Sankranti is perhaps the only Indian festival whose date always falls on the same day every year: 14 January, with some exceptions, when the festival is celebrated on 13 January or 15 January. Makar Sankranti is also believed to mark the arrival of spring in India. The Dasara festivities began with the Vijayanagar kings as early as the 15th Century. A Persian ambassador, Abdur Razzaq, reported the Dasara observance (originally Mahanavami) in Vijayanagara during his mission to India in his book entitled Matla-us-Sadain wa Majma-ul-Bahrain (The Rise of the Two auspicious constellations and the Confluence of the Two Oceans), a major work which contained an overview of the history of this part of the world from 1304 to 1470. After the fall of the Vijayanagar kingdom, the Wodeyars of Mysore continued the Dasara Festival, initially by Raja Wodeyar I (1578-1617 CE) in the year 1610 atSrirangapatna. The Mysore Palace is illuminated on all the 10 days of Dasara. The word Navaratri literally means nine nights in Sanskrit, nava meaning nine and ratri meaning nights. During these nine ights and ten days, nine forms of Shakti/Devi are worshiped. The tenth day is commonly referred to as Vijayadashami or â€Å"Dussehra. † Navratri is a very important and major festival in the western states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Karnataka during which the traditional dance of Gujarat called â€Å"Garba† is widely performed. This festival is celebrated with great zeal in North India as well, including Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and the northern state of Punjab. Rakhi is a festival that is dedicated entirely to celebrate and appreciate the love and affection that exist between a beautiful relationship between a brother and a sister. There are so many festivals in India but Rakhi is one that everyone across the country awaits for. On this day sisters tie a ‘Rakhi’ which is a decorated thread on to their brother’s hand and pray for their long life. Brothers, in turn, give their sisters gifts and vow that they will protect and care for them. Thus all brothers and sisters across all the religions celebrate this day with great enthusiasm.