The Big Change

I was waiting for Nick Mondo, Nick is also a pro wrestler and my favourite opponent and we have been best friends since we were kids. Nick and I had just had a main event spot in Combat Zone Wrestling's main pay per view of the year â€Å"Walk way to Hell†. CZW is where Nick and I work, Nick and I have been working there for about three years and we were both being paid about $75,000 a year. Nick and I grew up in England and at the age of 18 when we left collage we both moved too Philadelphia in the USA. Walk way to Hell† is our favourite ppv of the year because that is when we both made our first appearance 3 years ago. Nick was at the hospital ward after getting parts of a light strip in his eye after he hit me with one in our match, I was fine just a few scratches. The match was great but there was one mistake near the end and this mistake is the one, which ended Nick's career. Nick threw me out of the ring and then came out after me, he snap suplexed me on the concrete floor and then went to get a light strip. The fans were screaming and so was the announcer Joey Styles but when Nick brought the light strip back over his head for a big swing, the top of the strip smashed on the turnbuckle and glass flew everywhere, unfortunately for Nick glass flew in his eye and the rest cut a 12 year old fan at ring side. The cut gashed the small boy all down his left cheek and as you can imagine his parents were not happy so they forced to sue CZW, for this Nick Mondo formally know in the ring as Sick Nick Mondo Was given the sack luckily for me I wasn't and the family dropped all charges on the federation. But I wasn't happy Nick and I had grown up together so if he got fired I quit. Eventually at 11:35pm Nick flew in the doors and man he did not look happy, he was as pale as a ghost and had a massive patch over his eye and just by looking at him I could tell he was really pi$$ed off. Nick walked up to me at the bar and said, â€Å"Hey Kid you want a wrestle† so I replied with a â€Å"hell yeah†. Ten minuets later I find myself climbing through a window into the CZW arena with Nick giving me a push up onto the window ledge, I got through the window and helped Nick up. While we were walking over too the ring we noticed a cleaner walk through the door â€Å"never mind me lad's carry on with your stuff† he yelled across the stadium. We walked over too the ring and went through our routine warm up and then the match began. It started off with a few spots; spots are loads of reversal moves done very quickly, then came in the hip-toss's, body slams and other small moves, while we were wrestling we noticed that the cleaner had actually sat down and watched us wrestle. By now the match was going really well loads of moves no stops and I think that match was the best match of my career so far. The match ended when Nick hit a 450 moonsault on me, I just wish someone was filming it because we done some awesome stuff in that match. After the 1 2 3 pin we heard a small applause coming from the back and yes it was the cleaner who had actually sat through the whole match, the cleaner then stood up and walked out without saying a word and we never saw him again. Nick and I then split up and went our separate ways home, food, sleep and wrestling were the only things on our minds when we drove off. Well it was 1:00am and I had to be at training at 10:00am so I went home to bed. Even though I was out off business I still wanted to keep in shape. My alarm clock woke me up at 8:30am, when I say alarm clock what a really mean is my girlfriend. My girlfriend is called Helen she is from New York and is 22 years old, we have been together for 2 years and we are now living in a big house in a very posh estate we have two cars I have a â€Å"Ford Mustang Mash 1† and Helen has a â€Å"Toyota 2000 GT†. Helen and I went too Steve's Steak House for breakfast, that is where we usually go on weekday morning's for a full English breakfast. After breakfast Helen went to work, she is a lawyer for a big company in the city and in a way is my â€Å"little sugar mama†. After Helen goes I go to training at the gym. I arrived at the gym at 10:00am and I saw Nick waiting at the gym gates for me, he told me that he needed to speak to me about last night. We went in to the gym where he asked me if I had picked up his wallet when we left, I told him that the last time I saw it was when he was buying me a pint at the pub before we left. After the gym Nick and I went to the CZW arena to see if the cleaner had found it but when I asked the caretaker he said that all cleaners leave the arena at 5:30pm and that it was impossible that there could be any one in the arena after that time because he was the last person out that night and there was no one there when he locked up. From there Nick and I went on a wallet hunt around the stadium but there was no luck. Yes there is a reason why we were trying to find Nicks wallet and it is because there was two tickets for WRESTLEMAINA 27!! That very night, yes the WWE's biggest ppv of the year on the 21st July 2011 and we had just lost the last tickets. Nick and I then went back to Nick's car but when we got there we realised that Nick's wallet was on the dashboard and that the car was wide open. We both launched our selves into the car too see if the tickets were still there and they were but they weren't our tickets they were front row tickets. We had ringside tickets to wrestlemaina but we didn't no why, and all of Nick's money was still there so somebody had stolen his wallet and upgraded our seats about $200 more. So now we had the tickets we went home to get ready for the big night. When we arrived at the arena we were given V. I. P back stage passes and were sent to Shane McMahon the owner of the WWE. While we were walking to meet Shane I saw the cleaner in the dressing room training up The Rock and that was when I worked it all out. When we arrived at Shane's office we went in and sat down â€Å"good evening gentlemen† he said â€Å"I hear you are no longer wrestling for CZW, but I have got some business for you two tonight†. By now Nick and I were on the edges of our seats waiting for him to say it â€Å"would you two boys like to make a surprise attack on The Rock tonight during his steel cage match with Stone Cold Steve Austin† by then we were both jumping up and down â€Å"YES† I said â€Å"well then that's that sorted then† Shane then shook our hands and walked out. To be truthful I had tears in my eyes and so did Nick we were going to wipe out The Rock and we couldn't wait. We waited nervously backstage for 6 long hours and then it was time for action. We were walked down to ringside with wrestling masks on for disguise and when the blackout started for the cage to be lowered we snuck under the ring. We waited there for 30 minutes and when the referee gave the signal we broke out from under the ring and started to lay into The Rock. The WWE announcers Jim Ross and Jerry king were screaming â€Å"It is Sick Nick Mondo and Crazy Kid from CZW they are helping Stone Cold† and there he was right in front off us Stone Cold Steve Austin with three cans of Budweiser in his hands he then threw one two me and Nick and in front of 21 thousand screaming fans we drank beer and poured it in The Rocks face. But before I knew it The Rock was on his feet again laying into me with powerful forearms he then spat in the palm of his right hand and by then I realised what was coming to me but I couldn't do anything, The Rock then made a fist and smashed me in the eye with a massive right hook, he then lifted up my right arm and WHAMM he hit me with a Rock Bottom and man it hurt so I laid there in a daze with thick red blood pouring from my eyebrow. After some real brutal wrestling we laid The Rock on a table then Stone Cold came over to me and told me to do a shooting star press leg drop on The Rock through a table of the top rope. And before I knew it I was climbing a WWE turnbuckle, I had never done this before and I knew I couldn't because it was not high enough so I just kept climbing to the top of the steel cage and it was there I stood and looked at 21 thousand people screaming, camera men running around trying to get the best angle, the press flashing away, Jim Ross screaming his head off, Shane McMahon staring at me with amazement and Stone Cold and Nick in a stun of disbelief, I knew what Nick was thinking it was that I was going to do it and it was going to be good. So I stood at the top of the cage fans chanting my name and my heart froze I looked down at The Rock and he opened his eyes and winked at me as if to say that I should do it so it was then I launched myself up and forward all I saw was flashing of cameras I followed through with a moonsault and landed it perfect. I looked up and saw Shane and paramedics running to ringside, Stone Cold jumped on top of The Rock and pinned him he get the 1 2 3 and he was new WWE champion. By the time the Steel Cage had risen I was still on the floor but with one thing extra, a broken leg. Stone Cold was happy I was happy and so was Nick, Steve and Nick carried me back stage with a row of paramedics and Shane following so we left The Rock with a smile on our faces and a Bud in our hands and a packed full arena chanting C Z DUB.

Never Let Me Go: Film vs Novel Comparison

Can a movie ever be as good as a book? While it is true that books allow the readers to plunge into the narrator’s thoughts and perceive the events through a particular point of view, films themselves are a masterpiece in their own kind of way. The boat scene in the novel Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro, which reunites Kathy, Ruth, and Tommy, after so many years of leading separate lives, plays a significant role in both the book and the film. Though the film adaptation certainly modifies this passage by adding and omitting certain features, the film adaption still stays very true to the book.Perhaps the strongest difference is the emphasis of Kathy and Tommy’s relationship in the film, which appears a few chapters later in the book. Moreover, the film, with its beautiful scenery and music, manages to embellish the melancholic mood of the scene, in order to make it more powerful than in the book. The passage in the novel starts by giving vivid descriptions of the sett ing, which are used to establish the desolate atmosphere displayed throughout of the scene. The author’s particular diction plays a key role to emphasize this feeling.Phrases such as â€Å"there was open marshland as far as we could see†, â€Å"the pale sky looked vast†, and â€Å"it reflected every so often in the patches of water breaking up the land† are the main indicators that help us picture the setting. The syntax is primarily lengthy and detailed sentences. These sentences help establish the mood as rather isolated and passive. The expression â€Å"ghostly dead trunks poking out of the soil† even goes further than this passive mood by providing a sense of gloominess.Little details, such as â€Å"you could hear the squelch in our shoes† add a touch of realism and provide a better picture of the scene. The description of the boat that follows makes the reader wonder upon its symbolism and the character’s struggle for identity th roughout the book. Here, once more, the word choice implies that it is old and dilapidated. The boat, described as having â€Å"cracking paint† and â€Å" timber frames [†¦] crumbling away† demonstrates that it is trapped on the shores of the beach and is devoid from its freedom.This very much relates to the lives of the characters, in the sense that they too do not have the freedom to lead the life they dreamed of living. As readers, we start to question the purpose of the clones’ life. It is their role to keep â€Å"real† people alive, but does their role stop there? It is clear to see how the characters struggle upon finding their own identity and the meaning of their lives throughout the book, in the way in which they attempt to create art and keep a collection box, which they use to distinguish themselves from their classmates.As the novel progresses, it is evident that this search for identity ultimately leads the characters to spending more ti me searching upon the meaning of their lives rather than actually living their lives. We would like to see Ruth work in an office, Kathy and Tommy doing something they like and build up a true life. Unfortunately, the characters  ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œlike the beached boat– cannot serve their â€Å"true† purpose. Just like we would expect a boat to sail the sea, we would expect the characters to live their life. The last part of the passage involves a dialogue that shows both Ruth’s fear of completing and the theme of complacency in the book.Indeed, as the characters start talking about Chrissie completing on her first donation, Kathy mentions that Rodney is â€Å"okay†, and that â€Å"he thought Chrissie wouldn’t have minded too much† completing on her first donation. Ruth responds angrily that â€Å"how could he possibly know how Chrissie would have felt? † as it was not him that was â€Å"clinging to life†. The author adds that her exp ression is â€Å"hard† and â€Å"stern†. Ruth shows by defending Chrissie so ardently that she is tired of people assuming clone’s feelings, and wants to cry out that completing is something that scares her, and that probably scares a lot of clones too.Disturbingly though, at the end of the passage, Ruth states herself that â€Å"It felt right† to become a donor, because â€Å"after all, it’s what we’re supposed to be doing. † Tommy, on his part, also states that he â€Å"didn’t mind, really† becoming a donor. It is frustrating for the readers to see how easily these characters accept their fate. Even Ruth –who seems deeply affected by the idea of completing– has no trouble saying that it is what she is supposed to do anyways. It is almost as if she is the one to blame for her fears, not society, as she is the one who is not strong enough to deal with her responsibility.The movie, by contrast to the book, u ses film techniques to communicate a much more melancholic environment. We see a long shot of the setting, and as the camera pauses on the panoramic view of the marshland, the moment resembles a frozen picture. We see in the fist plane the marshlands, then to the side and further away we can distinguish the characters standing in a corner, staring at the beach beyond them. In the middle of this vast beach, the abandoned boat standing alone can be distinguished, behind it, a flat blue sea, and above, a dark grey sky.The incidental music that evokes sorrow stops playing at this point, and is instead replaced by the soothing sound of the ocean and seagulls. While it is true that the descriptions in the book give us a pretty good image of the place, nothing can replace the beautiful, deserted view displayed in the movie. This not only accentuates the feeling of isolation, but also gives rise to a sense of melancholy that affects the desolate mood of the passage. The scene then cuts into a mid-close up of Tommy longingly running towards the boat, which marks another difference with the book.As the camera zooms in, we notice the boat resembles the one depicted in the book (old, paint coming off, etc. ) and Tommy, as he sits on the boat, smiles and waves at the girls beyond. However, though Tommy feels happy, we cannot help but feel pity and sorrow for him. First, the way he is panting and pressing his hand against his chest makes us feel concerned about his deteriorating health. Then, the way he pretends to sail the boat like a little kid shows that despite being a complacent donor, Tommy longs to sail the world, to live his life.The reality is that he will never be able to. Again, this is tied to the symbolism found in the book: the characters are like beached boats, deprived of their freedom and their ability to live their life. At last, as the characters are discussing in the beach, a bigger emphasize on the love relationship between Kathy and Tommy is present in the film. While the book mentions that Ruth and Tommy are sitting next to each other on the beach, it is Kathy and Tommy that are shown next to each other in the film.As the characters engage in conversation, the camera shifts back and forth in a close up between Ruth –displayed alone– and the two others. This allows us to focus more on the characters’ facial expressions, which helps us decipher how they feel. In the scene, Kathy’s expression shows she is rather sad, Ruth looks more distressed, and Tommy is the happiest of them all. While talking about donors completing on their first donation, Ruth, just like in the book, makes a bitter remark that â€Å"it happens more often than they tell us.†And just like in the book, Tommy adds smilingly that he makes a good donor. So though the theme of conformity is present by the way Tommy smiles, the fact that Ruth doesn’t show that she is also complacent lessens the frustrated feeling we get in th e book when Ruth complains about being a donor yet later adds that â€Å"It’s what we are supposed to do. † Instead, the film incorporates a dialogue that occurs later in the book. It is Ruth’s apology to Kathy and Tommy for having kept them apart all these years, because she was jealous and scared no one would love her.To make up for her mistake, she has found Madame’s address with the hope that they will apply for a deferral. The melancholic mood mentioned in the paragraph above combines perfectly with Ruth admitting that Kathy and Tommy should have been together all along. As Kathy looks away from the camera and replies â€Å"It’s too late for that now, Ruth† the mood becomes even more tragic. However, the fact that Tommy accepts the paper with Madame’s address arises a spark of hope into us; hope that they will manage to get a deferral, and live a few years happy without worrying about their obligation to society just yet.In all, the film does incorporate some elements not present in the book, but the overall message depicted remains the same. The film though, due to its visual means as way to communicate with the public, blends in the beautiful view of the sea with melancholic background music to intensify the regretful mood of the scene. It incorporates Ruth’s apology and emphasizes Tommy and Kathy’s love relationship to add significance to the passage. In both cases, the boat can be seen as the finite nature of true freedom.Though it was once new and could sail the world, the boat is now trapped on the shores of the beach, just like the characters are trapped in their society, and unable to change their fate. In both mediums, the characters show their complacency towards completing, the book, however, gives a stronger emphasis on the fact that Ruth is scared. We can very well imagine her fear of completing, but we cannot understand why she later calls it â€Å"alright. † This in turn makes us wonder if it is better to suppress our emotions and live accepting of our fate, however unfair it may be, or if it is better to rebel and respond to our rage.

Creative Concept Essay

I. TIME CONTEXT The case is analyzed when problems affecting the company’s operation took place, inventory cost rises, and lead time for manufacturing custom and standard product line increases. It was then that Thomas decided that it’s about time to take a careful look at the overall impact the new standard furniture line is having on his operation. II. POINT OF VIEW Chad’s Creative Concept started with a good vision of producing custom-made wooden furniture for vacation cabins bringing â€Å"a bit of outdoors inside†. Gaining popularity, evidenced by the increasing demand for their products,  they’ve proven themselves and earned the trust of their clients with subtle and elusive tastes. Opportunity came for the company to venture into the production of a more standard line of furniture. This endeavour could have been great but such affected the company’s operations, marketing and finances. Alterations could have been done in the overall manufacturing process of the company or conducting a marketing analysis could provide insights and working out the marketing segmentation on the potential demand for the standard line products. Most likely, the company was not that much ready to embark on this new line of furniture making in terms of their managing their resources and making the most out of them. Consequently, problems arose and if this situation will continue, additional investment in product cycle will be low or even zero at some point of time. If this will not be given much attention and proper solution will make matters worse. III. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Enumerated below are the problems identified in the case of Chad’s Creative Concepts. How did producing standard furniture affect Chad’s Creative Concept’s operations and its financial gain? How can the company operations or slow manufacturing process be improved to cater market demand for both furniture lines? What can the management do to reduce production costs while upholding customer satisfaction? IV. OBJECTIVES The following are the objectives the case proponent would like to achieve in order the address the problems faced by Chad’s Creative Concept. To ascertain the operational and financial effects of manufacturing standard furniture. To determine ways on how to improve company operations to cope with the increasingly steady demand for standard and custom-made furniture. To decrease production cost without sacrificing product quality and customer satisfaction. V. AREAS OF CONSIDERATION A. SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS: The company began by producing custom-made furniture and in a short period established a stable reputation for creative designs and high-quality workmanship. Growth of sales led into the production of a more standard line of furniture. Can offer products at the lowest possible price with utmost customer satisfaction. Producing custom and standard furniture offer customers with more choices. WEAKNESSES: Single manufacturing process for both standard and custom furniture. Processing time on the same equipment and craftspeople are shared in manufacturing custom and standard furniture. The holding cost of the company is increasing with dollars tied up in inventory, both of raw materials and work in process. OPPORTUNITIES: Good reputation yields custom furniture sales to be strong and steady sales growth for standard line furniture. THREATS: Customer demands lowest possible cost with maximum satisfaction, in terms of product quality and delivery requirements. Custom furniture is prioritized in making schedules because of its high sales and profit margin causes delay of finishing standard furniture. Costs associated with standard furniture line are increasing. Expensive storage or warehousing cost. Increasing lead time for both custom and standard orders causing longer promised delivery times. Capacity is at its peak providing no space left for expansion.VI. ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION In order to address the issues faced by the management of Chad’s Creative Concept the following alternative courses of action may be implemented: 1.Relocation of warehouse to an economical and cost saving location. 2.Recruitment of additional staffs e.g., craftsman. By doing so, both  product lines will not compete for the same craftspeople. 3.Encourage existing staffs for overtime in order to reduce delay in manufacturing products, by providing night differential fees and hazard fees. 4.Given that both manufacturing lines are in demand, business capacity maybe enlarged by enabling more facilities to accommodate processing of both product lines. 5. Employ inventory management. This includes developing a forecasting technique about product demand and making right layout and work flow process. Make scheduling decisions, entails how much to produce, to make sure there are not so many raw materials as work in progress status. VII. DECISION CRITERIA The following criteria were used to evaluate the suitability of alternatives recommended in making the decision: Maintain customer satisfaction and company reputation. It is important to note that decision must be based on this rationale because the longevity of a business may be determined by the patronage of its satisfied clients. Chad’s Creative Concept best marketing strategy is the quality furniture they produce for both product lines. Moreover, customers of standard furniture line imposed more stringent delivery requirements, increased lead time for both product lines causes longer agreed delivery times which may garner dissatisfied customers and tarnish company reputation. Improve or at least maintain profitability. Finance and accounting disclosed that profits are declining because of costs congruent with the standard furniture line. Priority given to custom furniture line delayed the generation of revenue for standard furniture line. A company even with a good reputation may not stay in the business if its sales can’t support company operation and administrative expenses. Reduction of cost through proper management of resources such as time, inventory and manpower, will increase profit margin. Hence, it is important at this point to base decisions on this criterion. VIII. DECISION ANALYSIS ALTERNATIVE PROS / ADVANTAGES CONS / DISADVANTAGES 1 Relocation of warehouse with a cheaper rental fee will lessen costs and increase profitability. May incur relocation cost. Since new warehouse is cheaper it may not be that big to accommodate raw materials and inventories. 2 Can manufacture more products and accommodate market demand for both lines and deliver the products on time maintaining client satisfaction. Thus, increasing sales and profit margin. Increase in salaries expense decreases profit margin. May spent time for training new recruits. Learning curve may be lower as they start off. 3 Can increase number of finished products and increases sales. Quality of work may suffer. Employees may get exhausted for working overtime and tend to finish it at a shorter time than usual. Increase salaries expense and decrease profit margin. 4 Can speed up processing time since both lines will not compete for the same equipment. Hence, sales will be increased. Increase asset – capital investment. There is no space left in the plant for expansion. Manpower should also be increased to operate new facilities which increase salaries expense and decrease profit margin. 5 Conceptualisation of right layout and work flow process suitable for both lines would expedite production process. Developing forecasting techniques in understanding demand of products will facilitate timing of procurement of raw materials ex. Just-in-Time Strategy which avoids too much investment on hanging raw materials and work in process inventory. Hiring experts for making the right lay-out and for developing forecast will incur professional fees thus, increasing expenses or costs. IX. DECISION Based on the information presented in the case of Chad’s Creative Concept, the case proponent would like to recommend that alternative no. 5 which entails inventory management address best the problems enumerated above and matches the criteria specified. Hiring an expert who will conceptualize right lay-out for work flow process will speed up manufacturing procedure and configure standard and customized so to reduce setup and changeover time and cope with the demands. Hence, delivery requirement will be met and customers will be satisfied in consideration of preserving company reputation. Moreover, results of forecast will be useful in the timing of procuring raw materials to avoid unnecessary expenditures such as holding cost which will boost up profits. As disclosed in the case, the plant capacity is at its full, plant has no space left for an expansion, and costs associated with the standard line are rising because there is no active sale and the inventory is increasing in the form of raw material and work in process which is holding the investments of the company. It is recommended that the JIT system should be used. Just in Time (JIT) is an inventory strategy companies employ to increase efficiency and decrease waste by receiving goods only as they are needed in the production process, thereby reducing inventory costs which at this point is what the company needs. This inventory supply system represents a shift away from the older â€Å"just in case† strategy, used by Chad’s Creative Concept, where producers carried large inventories in case higher demand had to be met. Though hiring experts will incur cost still the â€Å"benefits exceed costs†. Bearing in mind this principle will further company success and the going concern of the business. X. STRATEGY OF IMPLEMENTATION In implementing the decision the following should be done: Lay-out current manufacturing process. Hire experts who will make the forecasts techniques in understanding demand and conceptualise the layout and work flow process appropriate for both product lines. Lay-out developed should undergo dry run if it would accelerate manufacturing process and achieve the product quality desired. Such as: Product layout for standard line product, usually used for large volume products. Process layout for custom products is used when there are  diversified products using broad-spectrum operations, varying volumes and varying rate of output. Properly laid out factory can ensure the smooth and rapid movement of materials, from the raw material stage to the end product stage. In implementing the new inventory strategy, Just in Time system, supply chain should be adequate and would match demand projected.

Female Genital Mutilation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Female Genital Mutilation - Essay Example Proponents of female circumcision emphasize social and cultural considerations of this practice (Shweder, 2002). However, the truth is that even though men believe this surgery keeps a woman’s virginity, FGM should be banned in all countries because it’s causing serious reproductive problems and other health complications in women. Although the practice of female circumcision remains unchanged for many centuries, debates about this ritual are relatively recent. Until the second half of the last century, the issue of FGM was barely known in the West, while in Africa it was rarely spoken about. Only about 50 years ago some European and American medical practitioners who worked in Africa together with African activists expressed concern about FGM and informed the United Nations, the World Health Organization (WHO), and other international organizations about the health risks associated with it. However, it was not until 1979 that the international community finally reacted to the problem of female circumcision: the only reasonable explanation for such delay was that the practice of female circumcision seemed so alien and strange to the Western countries that they did not even know how to react. Therefore, only in 1979 participants of a seminar organized by WHO in Khartoum and dedicated precisely to the issue of female circumcision and its implications for health issued a Statement recommending that governments of those African countries which practice female circumcision make efforts to eliminate the ritual. ... Although the practice of female circumcision remains unchanged for many centuries, debates about this ritual is relatively recent. Until the second half of the last century, the issue of FGM was barely known in the West, while in Africa it was rarely spoken about. Only about 50 years ago some European and American medical practitioners whom worked in Africa together with African activists expressed concern about FGM, and informed the United Nations, the World Health Organization (WHO), and other international organizations about the health risks associated with it (Platt, 2000). However, it was not until 1979 that the international community finally reacted to the problem of female circumcision: the only reasonable explanation for such delay was that the practice of female circumcision seemed so alien and strange to the Western countries that they did not even know how to react. Therefore, only in 1979 participants of a seminar organized by WHO in Khartoum and dedicated precisely to the issue of female circumcision and its implications for health issued a Statement recommending that governments of those African countries which practice female circumcision make efforts to eliminate the ritual (WHO, 1979). Nowadays, female circumcision is practiced in at least 28 countries located on African continent, namely in its northern part, although the prevalence rates across these countries range from 5% to 99%. Countries of Southern Africa and Arabic-speaking nations of the Northern Africa do not practice this ritual (Toubia, 1994). According to the most recent estimation, at least 100 million females are circumcised (Platt, 2000). Muslims, Animists, one Jewish sect,

The role of the banks in terms of decreasing unemployment, maintaining Essay

The role of the banks in terms of decreasing unemployment, maintaining price stability and facilitating economic growth - Essay Example Capitalism tends towards the idea that organizations are in good luck when they make significant profits but its tough luck when they make significant losses, getting neither sympathy nor envy. However, the economy today is not a pure free market but, rather, it is a mixed economy, in which the markets are regulated by a government instituted framework. In addition, the government also carries out various functions, instead of leaving the private sector to make decisions (Mitchell, 2014: p61). The banking sector is a prime example because of their importance to the economy, including management of loan and savings facilities. The banking crisis of 2007 initially led to a rush by UK citizens to withdraw their money all at once, meaning that banks would have failed since they would have been unable to pay, portending potentially incalculable damage to the UK economy. It was, therefore, the responsibility of government agencies to stabilize the system by supervising banking activities and propping up banks that threatened to destabilize the system through bailouts (Cordella & Levy-Yeyati, 2013: p34). In essence, it is the people owed money by the banks that the government is bailing out. In addition, some of the biggest investment banks in the world are institutions that are so critical to the market and job creation that they have gradually come under the control of the government. This explains the bailout of AIG by the US government with a $100 billion loan that ensured American businesses would not collapse if they suffered losses, hurting national employment levels. Takeover of big mortgage guarantors in the UK, such as Bradford and Bingley, was also necessary because, in spite of its private shareholding, it was a de facto agency of the government and, in effect, the public (Cordella & Levy-Yeyati, 2013: p35). Failing to nationalize the company would have

Zapessay2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Zapessay2 - Essay Example est by Bram Stoker (1914) is the story of Jonathan Haker, who receives an invite to Count Dracula’s castle that is on the borders of Moldavia and Transylvania. He receives various warnings on the way, and when he eventually gets there he realizes, though a little too late, that he is, in fact, a prisoner. The events that unfold within the rest of the novel purely based on Dracula’s superhuman nature, being a vampire and the fight that Jonathan puts up against Dracula (Poe et al 51-62). This paper’s primary focus is to compare the role that Montresor played in the Cask of Amontillado with that of Dracula in Dracula’s guest. The two are the main characters in both stories and despite the fact that the two novels were written during different time frames and different settings. Notably, there are a number of similarities and quite obviously differences that can be drawn from their personas. The following is a layout of their roles and representations, beginni ng with their similarities Both characters illustrate deceitful tendencies. They use friendship and kindness to lure their victims. Montressor carefully tricks Fortunato into thinking that he has the best wine for him knowing very well that Fortunato happens to have a weakness for the drink. This illustrates that Montressor in his selfish quest is willing to use the weaknesses that he is well aware his friend has against him (Espinosa 34). Dracula, on the other hand, uses his sophisticated appearance and educational appeal to lure Jonathan into feeling at home. It is because of this same appearance that it takes Hacker some time to realize that he has been lured into being Dracula’s slave. To capitalize on the extent of their deceitfulness, both characters only show the true nature of their persona’s after their victims are well into their thresholds and their intentions are clearly only in their own best interests (Stoker 28-32). Montresor depicts himself as being very proud. Despite that he is not

Legal iss ues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Legal iss ues - Essay Example In this regard the association acts to promote the profession of nursing to the community. Health care organizations at both national and state levels are advocated by the ANA. This includes meeting the needs of registered nurses in all health care organizations or facilities. Inter-hospital interaction by nurses is met through the ANA (Milton, 2008). This interaction acts to meet the needs of nurses for dissemination of knowledge and discussion of health care issues. As a result of this, quality in healthcare is provided to the community. Within the ANA there are more than one hundred specialty organizations. These are responsible for focusing on the specific clinical aspects of every specialty of nursing practice (Milton, 2008). Moreover the unique areas of nursing practice are advocated by the specific organizations of the ANA (Donley, 2008). The organizational and community issues which affect the practice of nursing are the areas of focus by the ANA. In this regard, the ANA acts to ensure that the ethics and code of conduct is maintained by all nurses for the good of the community. Moreover the interests of nurses such as working environment within healthcare organizations are advocated by the ANA. Moreover the honor of nursing practice and financial obligations of health care organizations to nurses are postulated by the American Nurses association (Milton, 2008). Donley, R. (2008).Revisiting the American Nurses Associations First Position on Education For Nurses: A Comparative Analysis of the First and Second Position Statements on the Education of Nurses. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 13 (2),

Labor Relations Reseach Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Labor Relations Reseach - Research Paper Example Predominantly, in the heavy industries of south west and the north east, another get natured in the thriving consumer industries of the east, southern coast provinces (Beik, 2005). This has steered to the rise of two new labor movements. State sector workers have complained and struck to shield their jobs, while in foreign-owned and private factories, dismal conditions and dictatorial management are matters that have provoked insurgency. The largest and the most dramatic labor protests in China get induced by laid-off workers against the regularly corrupt and illegal methods in which their enterprises get sold off, or for owing unpaid benefits, which they remained entitled to. Nevertheless, their radicalism happens at the moment of departure from the working classes when they do not anymore have the power to halt production. However, there has been a rising trend for workers to be against the corrupt conditions in which their enterprises get privatized, and to leap in before they get laid off (Pringle, 2010). Deng Xiaoping agreed as many western academics ostensibly do not, that not only is there no essential connection between political and economic liberalism, but the realization of China’s economic success has been reliant on political repression to subdue the inevitable dissatisfaction (Oxford University, 2011). When tanks rolled into Tiananmen Square in 1989, he described the frightening logic behind the resolution: â€Å"Even if we sacrifice 10 to 20 thousand persons, we must exercise control above the situation of the country and get twenty years tranquility in response†. However, workers showed to be far stronger than Deng expected, with strikes recounted even in the 2nd half of 1989. The most significant feature of the growing industrial disturbance is that for the first while since 1948, strikes have become an undying feature of Chinese society. In addition, unlike the past, this has occurred at a time of agreement among the leadership o f Communist Party (Oxford University, 2011). For instance, the Chinese Honda Motor Company faced the worst strikes in its 18-year-old manufacturing business. The company said it needed to develop communication with its employees in the nation after the strikes took the company by shock. Honda, Japanese second - largest automaker, made the report after strikes at 2 suppliers in China paused its car output in China for the first time and required the company to raise their wages. Another third strike, at Honda Lock (Guangdong) Company, Guangdong province, got suspended for the union leaders and management to negotiate over pay. There are no effective networks in China for management and workers to negotiate, said Crothall Geoffrey, a Hong Kong-based China Labor Bulletin advocacy group spokesman. Discussions between the two parties get handled by government - associated union officers who can not selected by the workers. Honda is trying to construct a system that will facilitate a flow of communication between workers via managers to Honda management team and Japanese company officials (Beik, 2005). The first measure to be taken by the company was increasing its wages as demanded by the striking workers. Before any communication developments, the company had to solve the underlying problems of the strike which primarily included wages increment. After ward, the company had

Discussion Board 3-1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Discussion Board 3-1 - Assignment Example To simplify his reasons for Systems Theory, Bowen introduced the use of genogram in analyzing and understanding family processes and issues. Genogram is a schematic diagram or structure for mapping family relationships, patterns, and processes across at least three consecutive generations. Nichols (2013) elaborates that the structure details marriage relationships, dates of births, dates of death, geographical locations and general relationships of family members in different times within the covered generations. Just like other techniques of treating psychological and family disorders, genograms have their advantages and disadvantages. The main advantage of a genogram is that its structure provides family therapist with detailed information about a family in treatment. A genogram uses clear symbols, shapes and lines to show various relationships, identify individuals, and disclose events. As demonstrated by Nichols (2013), the diagram also shows dates when certain events happened across the covered generations of a given family. With such information, a family therapist is able to trace and glean elaborate understanding of dynamics that lead a family to its contemporary condition. To this extent, therapists can device reliable if not very accurate treatment techniques and processes. Another advantage of genogram is that it enables members of embattled family trace and understands the source(s) of their problem(s). The fact that genograms cover events that transpired across at least three generations of a family enables family members to gain proper self-knowledge, understand consequences of their actions and hypothesize ways to restructure their lives and behaviors (Nichols, 2013). The greatest disadvantage of genogram over talking with family members about their immediate concerns relates to likelihood to consume a lot of time. The act of tracing historical events of a family down across at least three generation is time consuming (Nichols, 2013).

Infectious Diseases Essay Example for Free

Infectious Diseases Essay African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness as many call it is a parasitic disease that can be contracted by either human or animals. The disease is transmitted by the tsetse fly which can be found all over Africa but the ones contaminated with the disease are found in region of sub-Saharan Africa. The disease has been said to have been in Africa since way back in the 14th century and one of the first epidemics that was recorded happened in 1901 in which a devastating epidemic had erupted in Uganda, killing more than 250,000 people, about two-thirds of the population in the affected lake-shore areas (CDC). According to the World Health Organization the disease covers 36 countries and 60 million people. The majority of the affected population live in remote areas of sub-Saharan Africa with little access to health care clinics which is why in these rural area the disease often goes untreated and misdiagnosed. The distribution of African trypanosomiasis is related to where the Tsetse fly lives which happens to be many parts of Africa. Not all species of Tsetse flies transmit the disease and there is no explanation of why certain regions with populations of Tsetse flies do not have a trace of the sleeping sickness disease. According to the WHO The disease develops in areas ranging from a single village to an entire region. Within an infected area, the intensity of the disease can vary from one village to the next. Of the 60 million or so people in threat of obtaining the disease each year only few cases in relation to that number will be reported so many believe since the disease occurs in predominately remote areas many cases are going undiagnosed. There are two forms of human African trypanosomiasis depending on the parasite Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T. b. g. ) is found in west and central Africa nd Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T. b. r. ) is found in eastern and southern Africa (WHO). Of the two T. b. g. currently accounts for 95% of reported cases and the other form T. b. r. currently only accounts for 5% of reported cases. The main way the disease is contracted is from a bite of an infected tsetse fly but that is not the only way. The WHO lists that a pregnant mother can pass on the infectio n to a fetus, in some instances other blood sucking insects have transmitted the disease as well as accidental infections from pricks of contaminated needles. In the first stafe of infection, the haemolymphatic phase, the trypanosomes multiply which causes fever, headaches, joint pain and itching. In the second stage known as the neurological phase the parasites infect the central nervous system which causes changes of behavior, confusion, sensory disturbances and poor coordination and disturbance of the sleep cycle, which gives the disease its name (WHO). The two forms of the disease have different impacts on the infected individuals health and livelihood. The more common form of the parasite T. . g. causes a chronic infection. A person infected with this form of the disease can be infected for months or years without any major signs or symptoms and when the symptoms do emerge the patient is already in the second stage of the disease. The other form of the disease T. b. r. which is less common only causes an acute infection with the first symptoms showing in few months or weeks after the initial infection. Regardless of which form of the disease the infected individual has if gone untreated the disease can be fatal. The treatment for the disease depends on the stage of the infection, the sooner its found the easier it is to treat. If found in the first stage the drugs used of are low toxicity and easy to administer and consists of Pentamidine for T. b. g. and Suramin for T. b. r. For the second stage of infection there are four drugs that can be administered but are all toxic and complex to administer. Melarsoprol for both forms, Eflornithin for T. b. g and most recently the combination of nifuritimox and eflornithine have been used to treat severe cases. Thanks to the efforts of organizations like the World Health Organization the upward trend of new cases of the disease is no longer a trend. In fact According to the WHO in In 2009, after continued control efforts, the number of cases reported has dropped below 10,000 (9878) for first time in 50 years. In epidemic areas it is estimated that 20% of the population are infected by the disease which has a serious economic impact because of the damage it does to the workforce in these regions. Malaria is one of the oldest diseases in mankind and it is believed by many that most of todays malaria originated in West and Central Africa. According to Recent molecular studies have found evidence that human malaria parasites probably jumped onto humans from the great apes, probably through the bites of vector mosquitoes (Carter). As man evolved and spread throughout the world they carried diseases along with them and such how malaria came to appear all across the world. Cases of malaria have been dated back thousands of years to ancient civilizations: Sumerian and Egyptian texts dating from 3,500 to 4,000 years ago mention about fevers and splenomegaly suggestive of malaria. (The enlarged spleens of Egyptian mummies are believed to have been caused by malaria). It appears that P. falciparum had reached India by around 3,000 years ago. It is believed that malaria reached the shores of the Mediterranean Sea between 2,500 and 2,000 years ago and northern Europe probably mainly betw een 1,000 and 500 years ago. The waves of invasions that swept across the continents helped the cause of malaria parasite as well. By the Middle Ages, Kings and feudal lords had the best wetlands under their control, but in turn had to fear marshes as breeding grounds of plagues and incurable fevers (Rich) So basically the spread of Malaria was facilitated by the travel of man and of course the right environment for the mosquitoes to breed. Malaria is contracted only through bites of Anopheles mosquitoes, or infected mosquitoes and the severeness of the disease depends on the host, environment and the mosquito itself. There are about 20 different Anopheles species of mosquitoes and most of them bite at night and breed in shallow freshwater such as puddles, rice fields and hoof prints. The transmission of the disease is worse with an older or more developed mosquito because the parasite the causes the disease is more developed. It also depends on where the mosquito like to bite humans, for example the long lifespan and strong human-biting habit of the African vector species is the underlying reason why more than 85% of the worlds malaria deaths are in Africa (WHO). Contracting the disease is also a matter of immunity, which is developed after years of exposure in areas with a moderate to severe amount of cases. Finally the climate of region and rainfall patterns have a lot to do with the number of occurrences at a certain time. Once contracted the symptoms of malaria dont appear for seven or more days, usually ten to fifteen days. The first signs of the disease are fevers, headaches, chills and vomiting which may be hard to pin on malaria. Though if not treated in twenty-four hours malaria can become a serious illness which often leads to death, if not that brain damage. Infected individuals if not treated can die and most of the victims that do die are children and often times children receive brain damage from the severe fevers brought on by Malaria. The disease is very dangerous to pregnant women as well because the disease can be transferred to the unborn baby, â€Å"Non-immune pregnant women are at risk as malaria causes high rates of miscarriage and maternal death rates of 10–50%. Malaria can result in miscarriage and low birth weight, especially during the first and second pregnancies. An estimated 200,000 infants die annually as a result of malaria infection during pregnancy† (WHO). Other people at risk include people with HIV or AIDS as well as travelers to regions with malaria because they have no immunity. The cure or treatment for malaria includes artemisinin bases combination therapy or ACT. If treated and diagnosed early the chances of death and other injuries are greatly reduced as well the spread of the infection to others. There are many ways to prevent the disease as well for travelers chemoprophylaxis can be taken to prevent the malaria disease. As for those living in high infection areas the best form of prevention would be the control of the mosquito population. Many of the people who live in these areas sleep under nets treated with insecticide and spray some type insecticide in the home a few times a year. Since malaria is so easily spread and it affects millions of people a year it does have a significant economic impact, especially in areas of high rates of infection. According to the World Health Organization malaria â€Å"can decrease GDP by as much as 1. 3% in countries with high levels of transmission. Over the long term, these aggregated annual losses have resulted in substantial differences in GDP between countries with and without malaria, particularly in Africa†. Malaria takes a deep toll on areas with substantial amounts of poverty because the people themselves don’t have money for treatment and medicine and the local government have to pour in more than half of their budget to deal with the epidemic. Like malaria, West Nile virus is a disease spread by mosquitoes and the conditions of those infected can range from mild to severe. According to the National Center of Biotechnology information the virus was first found in 1937 in Uganda and first found in the United State in New York in 1999. Researchers believe the virus is spread when a mosquito bites an infected bird and then goes on to bite a person or an animal. The Center for Disease Control states that the virus has been found in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, west and central Asia, Oceania (subtype Kunjin), and most recently, North America. In the most extreme cases West Nile virus can cause a condition called encephalitis which causes swelling of the brain. Symptoms of the West Nile virus are said to be similar to the flu and include fever, headache, stiff back and neck, muscle and joint aches, rash, swollen glands and general tiredness. These symptoms can last several weeks and for serious cases, in which people can get tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness, vision loss, numbness and paralysis, symptoms can be permanent. According to the CDC about 80 percent of people infected with the virus will not show any symptoms at all and only about one in 150 people will develop serious illnesses. West Nile virus can be spread in other ways than just a mosquito bite such blood transfusion, organ transplant, breastfeeding and during pregnancy from mother to child. Symptoms of the virus typically develop between three and fourteen days after the initial bite of the mosquito. The treatment of West Nile Virus depends on the severity of the symptoms and there is no specific treatment. Those who have only mild symptoms such as fever and aches dont require much medical attention for these symptoms will pass on their own. For more serious cases it is definitely necessary for the infected individual to go to a hospital or get some kind of medical help. Since the disease is a virus there are no antibiotics or medicines that will kill the disease instead if worst outcome happens which is encephalitis, antiviral medicine used for treatment of HIV have been known to been use. An individual with serious symptoms best chance is to get to a hospital to receive general treatment such as intravenous fluids and other things which reduce the chance of things getting worse. West Nile virus has great social and economic impacts, mainly because of the cost of treatment and lack of treatment for severe cases. According to the CDC the cost of West Nile virus related health care in 2002 was approximately $200 million. Since there are many recent outbreaks compared to other diseases a lot of money has been spent on prevention and control problems. In the United States the Center for Disease Control has invested a lot time in helping the nation deal with any future epidemics by working to develop vaccines, creating and distributing educational and informative material to the media and public, helping states with mosquito prevention and control programs, and by coordinating a nationwide database with information regarding the virus. Yellow fever is another disease spread through the bite of a mosquito and can be found in tropical and subtropical areas of South America and Africa. It is called yellow fever because some of the people who get infected will be affected by jaundice which makes them yellow. The first recorded appearance of the disease was in 1648 in Yucatan which is in South America. According to article titled Yellow Fever: A Disease that Has Yet to be Conquered Major outbreaks also occurred in Europe, e. g. in 1821 in Barcelona with several thousand victims. 1878, about 20,000 people died in an epidemic in the Mississippi River Valley and the last major outbreak in the US occurred in 1905 (Higgs). The number of yellow fever cases has increased over the past two decades because of declining population immunity to infection, deforestation, urbanization, population movements and climate change (WHO). The mosquito carries the yellow fever virus from host to host usually between monkeys and from monkeys to human and then to more humans. According to the World Health Organization there are three types of yellow fever sylvatic (jungle) yellow fever, intermediate yellow fever, and urban yellow fever. Jungle yellow fever occurs in tropical rainforest and with monkeys that get infected by the mosquitoes and then the mosquitoes bite humans who enter the forest. Intermediate yellow fever occurs in humid or semi-humid places parts of Africa, usually in somewhat rural villages and it is the most common type of outbreak in Africa. Urban yellow fever occurs in densely populated areas and causes large epidemics because of high number of non-immune people and large numbers of the infected mosquito. Once the disease is contracted the virus stays dormant for three to six days followed by a potential two phase infection. The first phase which is the acute phase causes fever, muscle pain, backache, headache, shivers, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting. Most individuals in the acute phase get better and these symptoms are gone after three to four days. On the other hand: 15% of patients enter a second, more toxic phase within 24 hours of the initial remission. High fever returns and several body systems are affected. The patient rapidly develops jaundice and complains of abdominal pain with vomiting. Bleeding can occur from the mouth, nose, eyes or stomach. Once this happens, blood appears in the vomit and feces. Kidney function deteriorates. Half of the patients who enter the toxic phase die within 10 to 14 days, the rest recover without significant organ damage (WHO). It is hard to diagnose yellow fever because in the early stages of the infection it can be confused with malaria, dengue hemorrhagic fever, leptospirosis, viral hepatitis as well as poisoning. According to the CDC there an estimated 200,000 cases of yellow fever, causing 30,000 deaths worldwide each year and up to 50% of severely affected persons without treatment will die from yellow fever. Forty-five countries in Africa and Latin America with a combined population of over 900 million are at risk. There is no cure for yellow fever the treatment is aimed at reducing the symptoms for the comfort of the patient, although there is a highly effective and affordable vaccination. Those who contract the disease are advised to go to a hospital where they can get antibiotics for infections caused by the disease and supportive care for the severe symptoms. The best way to treat yellow fever is to prevent it with the vaccine which appears to provide protection for 30–35 years or more. The vaccine provides effective immunity within one week for 95% of persons vaccinated (WHO). Currently organizations like the WHO and UNICEF are highly involved in helping areas of the yellow fever epidemic in Africa where the disease is the most prominent. Through these agencies the vaccine is routinely administered to any individual in need that is at least nine months or older. All of the four diseases covered in this paper have qualities that make them something to be worried about. Out of the four the two most important diseases in my opinion would have to be malaria and yellow fever due to the fact that these two diseases affect more people in a broad area and cause more casualties than West Nile virus and African trypanosomiasis. Out of malaria and yellow fever I would have to say that malaria is a more important disease because it infects a large amount of people, in a larger global scope, causes the most death and has the greatest social and economic impact. Overall I believe that malaria is the most important disease but for certain categories some of the other three diseases have the greatest mpact and damage. In terms of geographical distribution the four diseases in order of smallest distribution to largest distribution would be African trypanosomiasis, yellow fever, West Nile virus, and malaria has the greatest distribution. African trypanosomiasis is only found in areas with infected tsetse flies which only includes countries predominately in Africa and most occurrences are in sub-Saharan Africa in very remote and rural areas. Yellow fever can be found in tropical areas of Africa and South America but still infects are large amount of people. West Nile virus has a pretty large distribution, in the past decade or so there has been large numbers of cases popping up all over the United States but has in the past been found in Africa, Asian, Europe as well as the Middle East. West Nile virus can happen wherever there are infected mosquitoes so the potential distribution is very large. Malaria also has a large distribution which can be found all over the world, wherever there are infected mosquitoes, but it mainly found in Africa and there is quite of lot of cases found in Asia. Of the four diseases they are all contracted by a bite from an infected insect, all of them except for African trypanosomiasis which is contracted by the tsetse fly are contracted from bites of infected mosquitoes. All of the diseases have many different symptoms that lead to death if not treated and yellow fever is the hardest to diagnose because it shares symptoms with many other infections. Even though West Nile virus can be dead over 80% of infected individuals will not show any symptoms and go on to be fine. African trypanosomiasis has many tell tale symptoms if caught early treatment is simply but if it caught in the second stage things are a lot harder and symptoms often lead to death. Malaria also has many symptoms and the first symptoms are very broad and are difficult to diagnose as malaria, if these symptoms are not treated within twenty-four hours death can occur. I believe yellow fever has the worst symptoms of all because 15% of the infected will not get better after the acute infection and become severely ill. Treatment must fast and concise which is hard because the early symptoms can be confused with malaria, hepatitis, poisoning and many other infections. These four diseases have severe health impacts on individuals who get infected and all can lead to death or serious permanent conditions. African trypanosomiasis which affect the infected persons central nervous system which if untreated leads to death, the disease can cause a chronic infection. Malaria is disease that some can build an immunity to but for those who dont have it catching it can be deadly. Malaria often causes high fevers which in turn causes brain damage in many individuals especially children. Children especially in Africa have high rates of contracting and dying from malaria and even if they survive there is a host of permanent condition it can cause. Conditions such as cognitive impairments from the brain damage, anemia, intracranial pressure and abnormal postures. Most people who get sick from West Nile virus are fine and get over the flu like symptoms within a week but those who dont get better sometimes develop encephalitis. Encephalitis is the swelling of the brain and is very painful and cause other conditions that lead to death. Yellow fever has many severe health impacts as well and is called yellow fever because of the jaundice it causes to some of the infected. Severe cases result in deterioration of the kidneys which why half the people with a serious case will die. The health impacts of malaria are the most important because they have a higher chance of happening compared to the other diseases. In 2008 there were 247 million cases of malaria and almost one million deaths most of which belonged to children in Africa. According to the World Health Organization 85% of the worlds malaria deaths are in Africa and accounts for 2. 23% of deaths worldwide. Next up yellow fever which has an estimate 200,000 cases per year with 30,000 casualties. In the areas of infection, Africa and South America, there roughly 900 million people at risk of contracting the disease, 90% of the infections occur in Africa. 009 was the first time in 50 years that cases of African trypanosomiasis fell below 10,000, the problem with putting numbers to this disease is that the majority of the infected individual live in very remote and rural area so there isnt proper surveillance on the epidemic. Since the most current outbreak of West Nile virus was in the US the number from the Center of Disease Control and Prevention lists only those statistics. In 2010 there were 1,021 cases with only 57 deaths caused by the virus which is a tad higher than 2009 but still an improvement over past years. Now for the treatment comparison, first African trypanosomiasis can treated with different medications depending on the stage of the disease but many of the medicine have some bad side effects. Early treatment of malaria greatly reduces the chances of death and is usually done by administering a combination therapy which consists of antibiotics. Over the last decade or so it has been noticed that malaria is developing a drug resistance because of patients discontinuing the use of the medicine prematurely. West Nile virus doesnt really have much treatment in the early stage people usually get through the flu like symptoms on their own but in severe cases hospitalization is necessary. If encephalitis occurs treatment consists of making the symptoms more tolerable for the patient. Yellow fever is similar to West Nile virus in the way that in the severe cases there really isnt much of a treatment. The best treatment for yellow fever would be the vaccine which is 95% effective and lasts anywhere from 30-35 years. West Nile virus and yellow fever do not have treatments like the other diseases because they are caused by virus and are not bacterial infection that can be treated with antibiotics. In regards for a need for a better treatment, West Nile virus and yellow fever are the two more important diseases. After researching all four diseases it was not difficult for me to conclude that malaria was the most important and harmful. Not only does it affect people all over the world it has the largest number of cases and deaths in the world. For a disease that is caused by a mosquito bite and is responsible for 2. 23% of deaths in the world is unbelievable and a bit horrifying. According to the World Health Organization a child in Africa dies every forty five seconds because of malaria. The disease has serious health impacts on an infected individuals health and if one doesnt die from the disease it still cause many permanent health conditions especially with developing children. With just saying all of that malaria seems bad but not much worse than diseases like yellow fever but then consider the economic impact of the disease. The World Health Organization has stated that Malaria causes significant economic losses, and can decrease gross domestic product (GDP) by as much as 1. 3% in countries with high levels of transmission. A disease like that makes poverty stricken countries stuck because more than half of their budget is going to battling the epidemic. There are also many social implication such as for all those children who get brain damage from the disease their lives will permanently be limited. Many of them will not be able to get a professional job which further hurts the economy of wherever they are from.

The Impact Of How Organisational Structure

The Impact Of How Organisational Structure The organisational structure has a great influence on the people working for the organisation. The way the employees are organized and dealt with, has a noticeable influence on each employee of the organisation. If the organisation has a strong leadership, it helps other people working for it to get motivated and to be influenced by the works of leader and they eventually get boosted. This leads to the betterment of organisation and promotes more people to work for the organisation. Leadership has a direct influence on the organization, with the leadership style the organization can be moulded in the direction which is best suited for it. The surveys and researches done so far have proved that the attitude of an employee to the organization is dependent on the structure of organization. If the individual is happy with his job and show positive attitude towards the job the organization is more likely to be get benefited from it, if the employee has a negative impact then preferably th e organization gets suffer (CITEHR 2005). The organization consists of people with different nature and aptitude. Each person has its own skills and knowledge, so he is capable of handling stuff in his own way. The organization impacts the person in a way that he has to manage himself according to the needs of the organization. The person has to mould his skills to suit the requirements. Many factors are included which strengthens or weakens the ability of people working in an organization. The main factors included are adaptability; this is that how much a person can get adapted to the working environment he is going through. Then comes the social values; this explains the values which are to be maintained in order to continue the friendly employee to employer and employee to employee relation respectively (SACHING 2009). Through this the risk of conflicts can be minimised. Analyse how Organisational culture plays a vital role in employees efficiency and effectiveness. Efficiency is the time taken to do some particular task. The efficiency is when you complete your task in the minimum time. Whereas effectiveness is the height of results achieved from tasks. This is actually the actions of employees which brings about the results and helps the organization getting effective results (CHRON 2012). The organization has a great influence on both the efficiency and effectiveness of the employee. The culture of an organization particularly helps in constructing an efficient employee and it can harm the efficiency of an employee as well. So basically it has a great influence. The organizations with proper planned structures and stabled culture are more likely to bring about a positive change in their employees. If the organization has a setup which includes proper trainings, sit-ups with the manager and discussions about the relevant matter, then no doubt the organization is going to bring about efficient workers. For example the company has got and Entrepreneur resource planning ERP system installed in place, this helps employees getting in touch with each other and they can access each other directly wherever they are eventually saving time and making their work efficient. Similarly if the organization wants the best result it needs to have an effective planning of actions need to be performed in order to achieve those results. The factors that can improve the effectiveness of the employee are through having a proper individuals performance review over a specific period of time. This will help the organization figuring out the strengths and weaknesses of the employees, which should be recorded and monitored on preceding tasks. The other way to improve effectiveness is through organizing tests and tasks for employees, the results will clearly show the level of effectiveness the organization can gain from that employee that can be changed later with training in the field where employees lack, if things like these are in place then organizational culture is really improving the employee skills and will eventually get benefited. So this shows that the organization culture has indeed a great influence on the efficiency and the effectiveness of the employees working for it (CHRON 2012). Understand approaches to managing the differences between individuals that impact on their performance at work Employees behaviour at work is highly influenced by personal differences. Explain. Employees in an organization work as a team and bring about changes to the organizations. Every employee has its special character and the behaviour it possesses. Some lacks in some capabilities and others have access of some capabilities, so they make up a good team with difference in their aptitude with which they approach the tasks. The personal differences help each other in getting motivated and bring in employees the power to compete and excel in their fields. It does have a negative influence as well sometimes that employees can take one with abilities as their rival rather than following him they can just get to the worse of developing personal grudges against him. Organizations have people from different sectors and these bring about the people with different life styles and different working styles as well. To counter these differences employees work in a way so that they can manage with each and every person in the working area. The ones that are unable to manage starts getting irritated each other and may develop hatred as well. But mostly organization trained the people with fewer abilities to follow the ones with abilities to get the most out of them. This is because companies want to have a growing structure rather than destructive approach. Employees may sometimes come from different ethical backgrounds that practices things which are of bad influence to the other employees. This brings about personal rivalry in the work place. Then sometime people with different ideas trigger each other against them if the seniors listen more to one employees ideas rather than listening to all equally. So this difference in treatment can also influence the employees. Some people are in habitual to change while some are not, if the organization brings about some changes to the way it is working this is seen to be an act of decreasing the employees ability to coup up with the change as he may not like changes to the way he works. What methods management would require tackling the issues related to personal behaviour of employees at work? Support your answer with relevant organisational citation. The personal behaviour of the employees can be tackled with the following ways. The organizations should carry out the audits and equality test and check for the results through surveys that how the employees respond to each the question they have asked. Also try giving flexible hours of work so they can relax and can get fresh start when they want. Implement a strategy which stops the people from getting to personal or give them only right to talk about work issues and not of the personal stuff when they are in the work place. Companies such as McDonalds and also others such as HSBC bank and all have their own specific terms and conditions. In fact every organization has these terms which they ask from their employees to agree to it before signing for the job. This ensures that the personal rivalries and behaviour that is ignorant should not be used in the premises. To tackle such conditions the organizations should train managers and staff so they can handle the situation without creating any more stress. People sometimes makes mistake and manager should be there to tackle that as well as it is the responsibility of the manager to see to it that all the processes are in place and are running fine. The organizations should try things like friendly gathering or socializing team members so that they get to familiarize each other in a better way and can understand personal differences of each other. This method can bring the work force together and can make them realize the importance of working in a team with enthusiasm and respect. The respect factor is most important as it allows the understanding of both the position of one another in the organization as well as it is better to know on the human front as well. So these are the methods to tackle the people behaviour in work place. Understand the organisational factors that impact on people performance What is leadership? How many types of leaderships are there; and how these styles effect on individuals and teams work performance? Leadership is basically managing a group of individuals to accomplish a particular task. Leadership can be of basic school level for making simple science projects and it can be of government level for running a developed state. So all group tasks involves leadership but of different types. The recent leadership studies and theories give description of the leaders through their traits. This also includes use of power to achieve an objective. In this description the leaders are figured out as autocratic, bureaucratic, democratic and charismatic (ALA 2010). Autocratic: Autocratic is the kind of leadership which involves one man taking decision for the entire group. These decisions are kept to the leader only and the other team members only get orders by the leader to do what they are assigned to do. The main decisions are all centralized and only leader has the authority to govern the team as he wants. This is taken as one of the good leadership style because one person has to make every decision which is efficient and it provides motivation to the person as well (WIKIPEDIA 2012). Bureaucratic: Bureaucratic is almost of the same kind like autocratic but it relies mostly on making policies and bringing out objectives and strategies as described in the policy that has been made. These leaders work as dictated in the policy, which has all points mentioned and written properly. So its a direct message to the other members that they need to follow what has been told them and they cannot make any changes to it. This type of leadership sometimes demotivates the people in the group as if some point is harsh or strong which members resist following blindly (ALA 2010). Democratic: Democratic is in which all members get chance to put forward their decisions. It is not only dependent on the leaders decision but the leader asks the members about the issue and they suggest solutions which are then dealt with to get the best possible results. This democratic leadership is also referred as shared leadership which is because of the distributed decision making power rather than centralized decision making power. So this type of leadership motivates team workers as their suggestions are considered as well (WIKIPEDIA 2012). Charismatic: This is considered to be the best and the successful leadership. This brings on the creativity and allows bringing new and innovative ideas in practice. These types of leaders have long sightedness and a vision which let them govern the group with enthusiasm and motivation. This leadership is based on the personality of the leader and one compete another to come in front, so this brings on the chances for the most efficient person to come as a leader of the other hence bringing strength in the organization. The members get influenced and bring about positive results in the organization (ALA 2010). These are the given ways of leadership and everyone has its own influence on the members and the performance of the team is affected differently in all of these types as mentioned above in the respective leadership style. Explain the benefits of flexible working practices to individuals and organisations. Flexible working practices have so many benefits to both the individuals and the organizations. Through flexible working the individuals get convenience, as they can work at the time which is most suitable to them. The flexible working allows people to work in different places together, as you can give time to other activities as well. Organizations on the other hand also get benefits from these flexible working practices as they can ask for the staff at the time when they require the most work. Also this allows reducing costs in form of wages of individuals and also reduces the wastage of time people will have in organization when they have no work. Most organizations prefer people who work part times as this helps them getting fresh labour after few working hours and more individuals can get employment through this. The budget also goes down from this technique. Flexible working also brings about convenience in a way that people can work from their homes and can still be the part of the organization. The terms which come under flexible working practices mainly are job-sharing, flexi-time, career breaks, term time working and compressed hours. These all terms are of benefits to organizations and individuals both, individuals can make use of their time properly and organizations can reduce their budget from these practices (FRESH 2009). Flex time is a term used to define the time which is fixed for people of a state to do their job. Like for many countries it is 9 am to 5 pm at which the most of the people go to work and rest of the time they can utilize in whatever activity they like, which can be getting entertained with family or working for some other organization as a part time to get more earning. These all are considered the practices which can be classified under the flexible working practices. Using motivational theories assess how the working environment impacts on people performance. There are so many motivational theories, which assess the working environment on people performance. These include: Instinct Theory of Motivation: This theory suggests that people in an organization is trained to behave in certain special ways which are required for the organization. This theory is based on the fact that people already possess some qualities which are evolutionary and those are needed to be polished and changed in a way to suit ones own requirements. Incentive Theory of Motivation: The theory suggests that people are given motivation by letting them know that they will be rewarded for doing the good work. The impact this have on people is in a way that the for the reward the people try working at their best and in this way organizations get best results out of their employees. Drive Theory of Motivation: This theory is about the motivation of people in a way that people are motivated to do some particular actions which helps reducing tensions that are the reason of some unfulfilled needs. This theory is basically relying on biological component, like hunger and thirst. So this motivation is all about peoples psychological needs. Arousal Theory of Motivation: This theory shows that the people motivates by certain actions which brings in them a certain level of arousal that they can manage by increasing or decreasing as well. The organization can bring in its employees an arousal that motivates them to work at their best. Humanistic Theory of Motivation: This theory suggests that the people already have in them strong cognitive abilities to do different actions. This describes about people getting motivated to perform actions which fulfil their needs first the basics ones and then the other important needs. Basic needs as hunger thirst and all and other needs of living well in the world so they gets motivated to do work. (PSYCHOLOGY 2012) (WIKIPEDIA 2012) Organisational ethical practices highly influence employees motivation level. Make an assessment with relevant application on McDonalds. Organizational ethical practices do influence the employees motivational level. McDonalds have some basic code of conducts which the employees need to follow in order to maintain a good and healthy environment in the work place. The employees responsibilities involve treating everyone equally at the work place. Managers and supervisors have their own place so treat them with respect and provide them with whatever service they ask for. This ethical practice promotes respect as well as the ability to produce efficient results. Also in McDonalds the employee is not allowed to harass the other employee, it is the responsibility of everyone to make sure that the environment remains calm and friendly. No one should abuse one another and no one is eligible to say about other persons appearance or abuse other in anyway. The employees are considered to be the ambassadors of the company and they are expected to work and behave as such to make sure the organization is getting benefitted from this. These practices and responsibilities allow the employees to get motivated and work in a friendly and well managed way. So that no one feels offensive and degraded from each other. Everyone is placed at the same level and receives equal importance this ensures that the people working in the organization gets what their right is and no one will be treated badly. During training every employee has given special instructions, so they are told not to use any of companys assets for personal use. Also the computers should not be used for personal reasons. The employee has got the responsibility not to harm the company reputation in any case so he is eligible to consider the organization as its own. This ethics of McDonalds help the business grow and produce quality service with the motivation of employees that they give (EHOW 2012). Evaluate how organisations use their corporate social responsibility agenda to motivate employees. Corporate social responsibilities, CSR is a policy with which organization looks towards its bindings with the law, ethical standards and different international norms. It is a process to bring about encouragement in a positive way to the company through the practices that defines the basics of the company. This policy helps the employees get motivated and work accordingly to bring about the positive change. CSR helps identifying the company aim and mission and helps also in providing their customers with good experience. This policy contains all the possible and feasible structured points to enhance business out of scope and can bring about the best results. This agenda signifies the treatment of the company with employees, consumers and stakeholders so in a way it helps in the dealing with the different links attached to a company. The benefit it has on the company is very much impressive and attracts the employees with providing them motivation of working hard and up to some noticeable standards. CSR has different approaches and they are all for the organization to provide good services. One approach is incorporating CSR directly in the business strategy. This is all about fair trading and this gives company an edge. Another approach is the increase in corporate responsibilities. This brings about CSV, which is creating shared value, this model illustrated that the corporate wellbeing and social welfare depends on each other. Companies make sure to make a policy which motivates employees and enhance business structure as well. This is how they can organize a strategy that helps them working on the defined pattern. Employees motivation are most important as this is the only possible way of getting profitable business if the employee will not be satisfied then he will not be able to work up to the mark to produce sufficient results (WIKIPEDIA 2012). Understand methods for developing human resources Apply Maslows theory of motivation to develop people in any organisation (or organisation of your choice). Maslows theory of motivation suggests that people gets motivated according to their needs. Maslow divided the needs of people in pyramidal structure starting from the basic needs which makes the base of the pyramid. He suggested that basic need of a person such as food, water, sleep, and homeostasis are the ones which should be satisfied to make him motivate to work for his satisfaction and so on to fulfil other needs. HSBC is a bank which has a strategy of motivating its employee with the rewards. The first thing that comes up is the basic needs of the employee which is fulfils through the wages they get and can live, eat and sleep well. Others can be achieved as the employees shows interest in the organization and motivated him to get the best possible work which brings about the promotions and all. The Maslows theory divides the structure on 5 parts, which are physiological, safety, love/belongings, Esteem, and self-actualization. These are the stages through which a person develops motivation and work hard. Human resources are the main thing which companies need to fulfil; this is so with the HSBC they look towards their employees as well as their clients. If they satisfies the employees this in turn results in the satisfaction of the employees. Give people their basic needs, safety of life and way to live a friendly life in a healthy environment and this will help them get motivated to do their work with interest and satisfaction. If these d-needs as Maslow called it the deficiency needs will not be fulfilled the person cannot be able to work for the organization and will change it by getting negative influence from it. Human brain works in a way that it can relatively generates the all or multiple level of pyramid hierarchy at the same time. So this can motivate to the highest level when the needs be fulfilled at the same time (WIKIPEDIA 2012). Explain the different uses of coaching and mentoring in organisations. Coaching and mentoring is a technique used to make both the clients and the people involved make use of their full potential. Coaching is where a person trains the other to make them work best to its potential. The coaching can bring about the abilities which a person lacks. Whereas mentoring is also considered to be of the same kind that is guiding a junior to work in your position or to get him the skills that can make him work ahead. In an organization these techniques are used in many ways such as by questioning the client you can bring about the desired structure of the product he is looking for and you can then identify solutions from approaching the query. Also organizations apply techniques which included one to one training. This helps getting face to face understanding of each other. This also encourages people to practice in the field of competence where they feel reluctant and then come up with better performance, this can be achieved by the practice and only practice makes a man perfect. Coaching and mentoring provides employees skills where they lack and help them make their deficiencies into their strengths. With coaching one can achieve the goal which he is capable of achieving but is lacking behind due to some minor irresponsibility. These techniques help covering up those gaps and organization gets benefits with the employees they train for specific purposes. One thing which needs to be kept in mind is that the individual should achieve it in a positive way and develop skills rather than getting dependent on the coach or the mentor. If this will happen the individual will get a negative influence and that will be a disadvantage to the organization. These are the uses which an organization can have from techniques like this (WALES 2012). By investing large amount of money in employees training and development programmes, organisations strategically meet corporate objectives. Analyse comparative benefits (individual and organisational) of TD programmes within organisations. These training and development programmes are very much important to the organization betterment and success. The organization needs to spend money in these programmes in order to achieve corporative benefits. The outcome indeed will be greater than the spending. As if they will spend on training staff the trained staff will yield out better performance which is the basic requirement of the organization. If an organization does not spend on the training and development of the company they definitely cannot make progress and this will stop them from going forward in the competitive world. The large organizations such as banks have their staffed trained on regular basis so that to avoid any of the lacking which the employees may possess. In this way spending funds on training can make them get high benefits over the end, which can be clearly visible in the revenue that generates. The benefits which the organization gets are in many different forms. These can be either in the form of good client to employee relationship which helps encouraging more clients to get involved in the service that are offered by the company. Also they can get benefits from the other competitors in having trained staff which knows everything and is up to date with the latest development and technology. The TD programme makes the basis of the organization growth. Funding this is the major spending of many companies. As to gain something you need to spend something and this is from where they can gain the ultimate high performance. Without training the organization cannot make better decisions. The benefits also includes advanced used of ERP systems, trained personnel to operate it, high productivity, time can be saved as results and procedures will be more efficient. Advanced gadgets can be used rather than old traditional ways. For example in banks instead of queuing up and wait for your turn you can go and deposit amount directly in the pay-in machine, which saves time. The employee gets confidence through these trainings and feels more confidence when they talk to the customers and the other fellow members of the organization. People might take it as a difficult task and a responsibility other than their job to get this training and hesitates to attend and get the training, but they can be made reluctant by offering extra incentives so that they can come and get the training without any reluctance and hesitance. Managers should get the special training which is different than of the other employees. All staff members need to be trained at specific levels and then they should be given a task to see whether they can fulfil it. These benefits are long termed benefits as the company not only makes profit at the front face to face communication but the technology they are learning can bring them so much to know for the future use as well. Companies can enhance and expand their businesses out of the countries and can multiply with the advanced and developed procedure they have to follow. These are the benefits which they can avail from TD, so it is good to spend on such process. Be able to review how people are managed within organisations People management strategies. The strategy which involves management of people in an organization is known as people management strategy. this strategy enables an organization to work for better results by managing people according to their skills and requirements. The company has to look to this that the individual which is chosen for a job is best suitable for that place if not he should be given other responsibilities. In this way the company allows to get the room for making progress. These strategies need to be in placed as to avoid any circumstances of situation which will arise due to mismanagement of people or human resources. So people management strategies must be in place within developed organizations. Impact on people of management strategies used. The individuals do take impact from these strategies. These impacts can be identified such as if the individual is placed in the position which is best suited for him he definitely would work best to his aptitude as that position is best suited for him. His skills will replenish more in that place and he will eventually get the best outcome for the organization, which at the end going to make profit out of it. Also management strategies help people remain under influence of a leadership as the employee knows that he has to follow these specific procedures which is defined by the higher management so all the points and duties are made clear to the employees. In this way all the work gets handled perfectly without any hap hazards. Sometimes people get a negative impact as well and think that they have the potential of working in a higher place and they have been given a wrong position to work at in such a situation they get demotivated towards their work and sometime can produce losses to the organizations as well. In these kinds of scenarios management needs to handle them with the tests on the basis where everyone is given equal rights and whoever succeeds will get the position and will be able to work at it. Through these strategies people feels a sense of responsibilities on their shoulders and they think of themselves as the stakeholders and work like as they are working for themselves and are making profit for their own good not for the company. This thinking should be in the employee mind so that the potential they have can be bring out and the organizations can make it work in the best possible way. These can be the impacts which people mostly gain from the management strategies when it gets implemented on them. Recommend strategies to support high levels of performance. Implementation of right strategy helps an organization from getting out of financial crises or any kind of crises they are facing. The strategies which support high performance includes two way communications, this is the communication between the employee and the manager or the CEO. If the communication gap will be low and the meetings or lectures will be done on regular basis this will help the employee get to know the strategy of the companys stakeholders and through this they can put their potential to work in a better way. The other strategy could be strengthening employs engagement to work; this can be achieved by giving training in a field where he lacks and by also making him understand the situation through which the company is going in order to make him work accordingly to achieve the targeted results. The employee can be motivated and engaged more towards work if he will receive incentives and rewards for doing the job he is responsible for. In such situations the companys sets up a strategy of getting this much targeted clients in return the employee get reward for doing his job well. The strategy which is most important is that the managers and leaders should have the skills and knowledge of dragging the situations out of the uncertainty. This is very important, for example if an organization is getting towards the verge of destruction the manager should have skills so to avoid the loss and can be able to manage to the extend where the company has to face the minimum loss. This strategy can help enable the performance level which can in any case save the organization from having a down fall. All the responsibilities finally come to the shoulders of the manager so this is the position which should be offered to the highly competent individual who has the courage to face all even and odds. These are the strategies which can bring about high level of performance from individuals and from the management as well (PACONSULTING 2012).